The City: A Global History (Modern Library Chronicles Series Book 21) (31 page)

49. Volkogonov,
Autopsy for Empire,
280; “The Environmental Outlook in Russia,” National Intelligence Council, January 1999.

50. Nicolas Berdyaev,
The Origin of Russian Communism
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1960), 182.

CHAPTER FOURTEEN: THE SEARCH FOR A “BETTER CITY”

1. Dana W. Bartlett, The Better City: A Sociological Study of a Modern City (Los Angeles: Neuner Company Press, 1907), 1.

2. Carey McWilliams,
Southern California Country: An Island on the Land
(New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1946), 213.

3. Dana W. Bartlett, op. cit., 37, 211.

4. Ibid., 191.

5. David Gebhard and Harriette von Breton,
Los Angeles in the Thirties: 1931–1941
(Los Angeles: Peregrine Smith, 1975), 28; Rybczynski,
op. cit.,
143.

6. John D. Weaver,
El Pueblo Grande: Los Angeles from the Brush Huts of Yangna to the
Skyscrapers of the Modern Megalopolis
(Los Angeles: Ward Ritchie Press, 1973), 38–39.

7. Greg Hise,
Magnetic Los Angeles: Planning the Twentieth-Century Metropolis
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 10–11.

8. Weaver,
op. cit.,
48–51.

9. Gebhard and von Breton,
op. cit.,
26; Richard Longstreth,
City Center to Regional
Mall: Architecture, the Automobile, and Retailing in Los Angeles, 1920–1950
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1997), 13.

10. Greg Hise and William Deverell,
Eden by Design: The 1930 Olmsted-Bartholomew
Plan for the Los Angeles Region
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 6–8, 22, 39–51.

11. Hildy Median, “L.A. Job Growth Beats Most Major Cities,” Los Angeles Busi
ness Journal,
May 26, 1997.

12. Tobier,
op. cit.,
78.

13. Rudolf Hartog, “Growth Without Limits: Some Case Studies of 20th Century Urbanization,”
International Planning Studies
4, no. 1 (1999): 98.

14. Kenneth Jackson,
Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 16–191.

15. Klaus Fischer,
op. cit.,
25; Frank J. Poppa, “The Pre-Industrial City,” in
Cities in
Transition,
43–45; Hale,
op. cit.,
143; Robert Fishman,
Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise
and Fall of Suburbia
(New York: Basic Books, 1987), 20–21.

16. Meller,
op. cit.,
1, 8.

17. Morris,
op. cit.,
110.

18. Girouard,
op. cit.,
268–83.

19. Ibid., 280–83; D. A. Reeder, “A Theater of Suburbs: Some Patterns of Development in West London, 1801–1911,” in
The Study of Urban History,
ed. H. J. Dyos (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1968), 253.

20. Girouard,
op. cit.,
268–69, 282–83; Fishman,
op. cit.,
75.

21. H. G. Wells,
Anticipations of the Reaction of Mechanical and Scientific Progress upon
Human Life and Thought
(London: Chapman and Hall, 1902), 33–62.

22. Carl E. Schorske, “The Idea of the City in European Thought,” in
The Historianand the City,
ed. Oscar Handlin and John Burchard (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1963), 105–6.

23. Thomas Carlyle,
Selected Writings,
ed. Alan Shelston (Middlesex, Eng.: Penguin, 1971), 64–65; Fishman,
op. cit.,
34–61.

24. William Peterson, “The Ideological Origins of Britain’s New Towns,” in
New
Towns and the Suburban Dream, ed. Irving Lewis Allen (Port Washington, N.Y.: University Publications, 1977), 62–65; Schorske,
op. cit.,
108.

25. A. Digby Baltzell,
Philadelphia Gentlemen: The Making of a National Upper Class
(New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Press, 1989), 196–209; John Modell, “An Ecology of Family Decisions: Suburbanization, Schooling and Fertility in Philadelphia, 1880–1920,”
Journal of Urban History
6, no. 4 (August 1980): 397–417.

26. Teaford,
op. cit.,
238–42.

27. Jackson,
op. cit.,
176.

28. Scott Donaldson,
The Suburban Myth
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), 3.

29. Jackson,
op. cit.,
172.

CHAPTER FIFTEEN: SUBURBIA TRIUMPHANT

1. Jackson,
op. cit.,
7; Donaldson,
op. cit.,
4.

2. Fred Siegel, The Future Once Happened Here: New York, D.C., L.A., and the Fate of America’s Big Cities (New York: Free Press, 1997; uncorrected proof), x.

3. Robert Moses, “Are Cities Dead?,” in
Metropolis: Values in Conflict,
53.

4. Jon C. Teaford, Post-Suburbia: Government and Politics in the Edge Cities (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
,
1997), 10.

5. Ralph G. Martin, “A New Life Style,” in Louis H. Masotti and Jeffrey K. Hadden,
Suburbia in Transition
(New York: New Viewpoints, 1974), 14–21; William H. Whyte, The Organization Man (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1957), 331.

6. Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zybeck, and Jeff Sperk,
Suburban Nation: The
Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream
(New York: North Point Press, 2000), xii, 59.

7. Lewis Mumford,
The Urban Prospect
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1968), 221; Donaldson,
op. cit.,
202.

8. William M. Dobriner,
Class in Suburbia
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1963), 140.

9. Jackson,
op. cit.,
42; William H. Whyte, “The Anti-City,” in
Metropolis: Values in
Conflict,
69; Clark et al.,
op. cit.,
469; Hise,
op. cit.,
7.

10. Teaford,
Cities of the Heartland,
232–44; Clark et al.,
op. cit.,
418.

11. John J. Harrigan,
Political Change in the Metropolis
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1976), 36–37.

12. Mumford,
The Urban Prospect,
207.

13. Himmelfarb,
op. cit.,
225–33.

14. Louis M. Hacker,
The Course of American Economic Growth and Development
(New York: John Wiley, 1970), 351.

15. Meller, op. cit., 16, 51; Le Corbusier, The City of Tomorrow and Its Planning, trans. Frederick Etchells (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1971), 1–7; Rybczynski,
op.
cit.,
158–59; Le Corbusier, “The Fairy Catastrophe,” in
Empire City: New York
City Through the Centuries,
611–13.

16. Jones,
op. cit.,
99.

17. Mariana Mogilevich, “Big Bad Buildings,”
The Next American City
3 (2003); Robert W. Gilmer, “The Urban Consolidation of American Oil: The Case of Houston,” Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Houston branch, June 6, 1998.

18. Robert Fitch,
The Assassination of New York
(London: Verso, 1993), xi–xiv.

19. Witold Rybczynski and Peter Linneman, “Shrinking Cities,”
Wharton Real Estate
Review
(Fall 1997); William Kornblum, “New York Under Siege,” in
The
Other City: People and Politics in New York and London,
ed. Susanne Macgregor and Arthur Lipow (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1995), 37; Jack Newfield and Paul Du Brul,
The Abuse of Power: The Permanent Government and
the Fall of New York
(New York: Viking, 1977), 18–24.

20. Kate Stohr, “Shrinking Cities Syndrome,”
The New York Times,
February 5, 2004; “London Comes Back to Life,”
The Economist,
November 9, 1996.

21. Eric Sandweiss, introduction, in
Where We Live: A Guide to St. Louis Communities,
ed. Tim Fox (St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 1995), 2.

22. Teaford,
Cities of the Heartland,
244, 255.

23. Anna Segre, “Turin in the 1980s,” in
Europe’s Cities in the Late 20th Century,
ed. Hugh Clout (Utrecht: Royal Dutch Geographical Society, 1994), 106; Gunter Glebe, “Düsseldorf: Economic Restructuring and Demographic Transformation,” in
Europe’s Cities in the Late 20th Century,
127.

24. Jack Rosenthal, “The Outer City: An Overview of Suburban Turmoil in the United States,” in Masotti and Hadden,
op. cit.,
269.

25. James R. Scobie,
Buenos Aires: Plaza to Suburb, 1870–1910
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), 191; Charles S. Sargent, The Spatial Evolution of Greater
Buenos Aires, Argentina 1870–1930
(Tempe: Center for Latin American Studies, Arizona State University, 1974), 123–25.

26. Geoffrey Bolton,
The Oxford History of Australia: The Middle Way, 1842–1968
(Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1990), 121–24.

27. Mumford,
The Urban Prospect,
236; Hartog,
op. cit.,
103.

28. Richard Rogers and Richard Burdett, “Let’s Cram More into the City,”
New
Statesman,
May 22, 2000.

29. Patrick Collinson, “Property: A Slowdown Will Mean a Steadier Market,”
The
Guardian,
October 28, 2000; “The Music of the Metropolis,”
The Economist,
August 2, 1997.

30. Emrys Jones, “London,” in
The Metropolis Era, vol. 2, The Megacities,
ed. Mattei Dogan and John D. Kasarda (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1988), 105.

31. Hartog,
op. cit.,
121.

32. Henry Tricks, “Escape from the City,”
The Financial Times,
October 12, 2003.

33. Pietro S. Nivola, Laws of the Landscape: How Politics Shape Cities in Europe and America (Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1999), 27–28; Peter Marcuse and Ronald van Kempen, “Conclusion: A Changed Spatial Order,” in
Globalizing
Cities: A New Spatial Order?,
ed. Peter Marcuse and Ronald van Kempen (London: Blackwell Publishers, 2000), 260.

34. Manuel Valenzuela and Ana Olivera, “Madrid Capital City and Metropolitan Region,” in
Europe’s Cities in the Late 20th Century,
57–59; Glebe,
op. cit.,
126–32.

35. Jeffry M. Diefendorf, “The American Impact on Western Europe: Americanization and Westernization in Transatlantic Perspective,” Conference of the German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C., March 25–27, 1999.

36. Hartog,
op. cit.,
110–16.

37. “Discussion,” in
The Study of Urban History, op. cit.,
278.

38. Eli Lehrer, “Crime Without Punishment,”
Weekly Standard,
May 27, 2002.

39. Jan Rath, “A Game of Ethnic Musical Chairs? Immigrant Businesses and the Alleged Formation and Succession of Niches in the Amsterdam Economy,” in Sophie Body-Gendrot and Marco Martiniello,
Minorities in European Cities:
The Dynamics of Social Integration and Social Exclusion at the Neighborhood Level
(Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press, 2000); “E.U. Needs Foreign Workers but Resents Their Success,”
The Hindu,
August 3, 2001; “Crime and Politics,”
Business Week,
March 18, 2002.

40. Research provided by Eduourd Bomhoff, Nyber, Netherlands; Jennifer Ehrlich, “Liberal Netherlands Becomes Less So on Immigration,”
Christian
Science Monitor,
December 19, 2003; Phillip Rees, Evert van Imhoff, Helen Durham, Marek Kupiszewski, and Darren Smith, “Internal Migration and Regional Population Dynamics in Europe: Netherlands Case Study,” Council of Europe, August 1998.

41. Jane Holtz Kay, “In Holland, the Pressures of American Style Urban Sprawl,”
Christian Science Monitor,
October 3, 2002.

42. Christian Kestletoot, “Brussels: Post Fordist Polarization in a Fordist Spatial Canvas,” in
Globalizing Cities, op. cit.,
186–210.

43. Martine Berger, “Trajectories in Living Space, Employment and Housing Stock: The Example of the Parisian Metropolis in the 1980s and 1990s”
International Journal for Urban and Regional Research
20.2 (1996), 240–54; Fierro,
op.
cit.,
19; Jean Robert, “Paris and the Ile de France: National Capital, World City,” in
Europe’s Cities in the Late 20th Century,
17–22.

44. Andre Sorensen, “Subcentres and Satellite Cities: Tokyo’s 20th Century Experience of Planned Polycentrism,”
International Planning Studies
6, no. 1 (September 2001); Mosk,
op. cit.,
263–64.

45. Edward Seidensticker,
Tokyo Rising: The City Since the Great Earthquake
(New York: Knopf, 1990), 290–303.

46. Carola Hein,
op. cit.,
309–42.