The Coke Machine (47 page)
Authors: Michael Blanding
Page 78 motorized carts Wal-Mart now offers:
Michael Leahy, “The Weight,”
Washington Post Magazine
, July 18, 2004.
Michael Leahy, “The Weight,”
Washington Post Magazine
, July 18, 2004.
Page 78 from 14 percent . . . to 34 percent today:
Katherine M. Flegal et al., “Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2008,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
303, no. 3 (January 2010), 235-241.
Katherine M. Flegal et al., “Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2008,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
303, no. 3 (January 2010), 235-241.
Page 78 some 75 million people:
Calculated from U.S. Census, “Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Sex and Five-Year Age Groups for the United States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (NC-EST2008-01).”
Calculated from U.S. Census, “Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Sex and Five-Year Age Groups for the United States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (NC-EST2008-01).”
Page 78 more than two-thirds of the adult U.S. population:
Flegal et al., “Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2008.”
Flegal et al., “Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2008.”
Page 78 increased risks for diseases:
Flegal et al., “Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2008”; U.S. Surgeon General, “Overweight and Obesity: Health Consequences” (Rockville, MD, 2001).
Flegal et al., “Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2008”; U.S. Surgeon General, “Overweight and Obesity: Health Consequences” (Rockville, MD, 2001).
Page 79 obese teenagers . . . obese children:
Cynthia L. Ogden et al., “Prevalence of High Body Mass Index in U.S. Children and Adolescents, 2007-2008,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
303, no. 3 (2010), 242-249.
Cynthia L. Ogden et al., “Prevalence of High Body Mass Index in U.S. Children and Adolescents, 2007-2008,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
303, no. 3 (2010), 242-249.
Page 79 a 2006 conference in Boston:
Public Health Advocacy Institute, Fourth Annual Conference on Legal Approaches to the Obesity Epidemic, Northeastern University School of Law, November 3-5, 2006.
Public Health Advocacy Institute, Fourth Annual Conference on Legal Approaches to the Obesity Epidemic, Northeastern University School of Law, November 3-5, 2006.
Page 79 part of the equation is genetic:
Kaufman,
Diabesity
, 225-229; Kelly D. Brownell and Katherine Battle Horgen,
Food Fight: The Inside Story of the Food Industry, America’s Obesity Crisis, and What We Can Do About It
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003), 23; G. S. Barsh et al., “Genetics of Body Weight Regulation,”
Nature
404 (2000), 644-651; J. Eric Oliver,
Fat Politics: The Real Story Behind America’s Obesity Epidemic
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 105.
Kaufman,
Diabesity
, 225-229; Kelly D. Brownell and Katherine Battle Horgen,
Food Fight: The Inside Story of the Food Industry, America’s Obesity Crisis, and What We Can Do About It
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003), 23; G. S. Barsh et al., “Genetics of Body Weight Regulation,”
Nature
404 (2000), 644-651; J. Eric Oliver,
Fat Politics: The Real Story Behind America’s Obesity Epidemic
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 105.
Page 79 increased prevalence of air-conditioning:
David B. Allison et al., “Putative Contributors to the Secular Increase in Obesity: Exploring the Roads Less Traveled,”
International Journal of Obesity
30 (2006), 1585-1594.
David B. Allison et al., “Putative Contributors to the Secular Increase in Obesity: Exploring the Roads Less Traveled,”
International Journal of Obesity
30 (2006), 1585-1594.
Page 79 nearly half the increase in calories:
Centers for Disease Control, “Trends in Intake of Energy and Macronutrients—United States, 1971-2000,” February 4, 2004.
Centers for Disease Control, “Trends in Intake of Energy and Macronutrients—United States, 1971-2000,” February 4, 2004.
Page 79 largest
single
source of calories:
Mark Bittman, “Soda: A Sin We Sip Instead of Smoke?”
New York Times
, February 12, 2010.
single
source of calories:
Mark Bittman, “Soda: A Sin We Sip Instead of Smoke?”
New York Times
, February 12, 2010.
Page 79 team analyzing some thirty studies:
Frank B. Hu et al., “Intake of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Weight Gain: A Systematic Review,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
84 (2006), 274-288.
Frank B. Hu et al., “Intake of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Weight Gain: A Systematic Review,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
84 (2006), 274-288.
Page 79 followed five hundred eleven-year-olds:
David S. Ludwig et al., “Relation Between Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Drinks and Childhood Obesity: A Prospective, Observational Analysis,”
The Lancet
357 (2001), 505-508.
David S. Ludwig et al., “Relation Between Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Drinks and Childhood Obesity: A Prospective, Observational Analysis,”
The Lancet
357 (2001), 505-508.
Page 80 later study by Ludwig:
David S. Ludwig et al., “Effects of Decreasing Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption on Body Weight in Adolescents: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study,”
Pediatrics
117, no. 3 (March 2006), 673-680; Melanie Warner, “Soda Sales Fall for the First Time in 20 Years,”
New York Times
, March 9, 2006.
David S. Ludwig et al., “Effects of Decreasing Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption on Body Weight in Adolescents: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study,”
Pediatrics
117, no. 3 (March 2006), 673-680; Melanie Warner, “Soda Sales Fall for the First Time in 20 Years,”
New York Times
, March 9, 2006.
Page 80 “It’s not the exceptional child”:
David Ludwig, interview by the author.
David Ludwig, interview by the author.
Page 80 Another analysis, of thousands of nurses:
Matthias B. Schulze et al., “Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Weight Gain, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Young and Middle-Aged Women,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
292, no. 8 (August 2004), 927-934.
Matthias B. Schulze et al., “Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Weight Gain, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Young and Middle-Aged Women,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
292, no. 8 (August 2004), 927-934.
Page 80 “might be the best single opportunity”:
Caroline Apovian, “Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drinks, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
292, no. 8 (August 2004), 978-979.
Caroline Apovian, “Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drinks, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
292, no. 8 (August 2004), 978-979.
Page 80 study by Purdue University nutritionist:
R. D. Mattes and D. P. DiMeglio, “Liquid Versus Solid Carbohydrates: Effects on Food Intake and Body Weight,”
International Journal of Obesity
24 (2000), 794-800; Brian Wansink,
Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think
(New York: Bantam, 2006), 239.
R. D. Mattes and D. P. DiMeglio, “Liquid Versus Solid Carbohydrates: Effects on Food Intake and Body Weight,”
International Journal of Obesity
24 (2000), 794-800; Brian Wansink,
Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think
(New York: Bantam, 2006), 239.
Page 80 fructose isn’t broken down:
George A. Bray, “Diobesity: A Global Problem,”
International Journal of Obesity
26 (2002), S63.
George A. Bray, “Diobesity: A Global Problem,”
International Journal of Obesity
26 (2002), S63.
Page 80 turning directly into fat:
Brownell and Horgen, 30; Shell, 214; Critser, 137-140; John P. Bantle et al., “Effects of Dietary Fructose on Plasma Lipids in Healthy Subjects,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
72 (2000), 1128-1134.
Brownell and Horgen, 30; Shell, 214; Critser, 137-140; John P. Bantle et al., “Effects of Dietary Fructose on Plasma Lipids in Healthy Subjects,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
72 (2000), 1128-1134.
Page 81 cells to become more resistant:
Kaufman,
Diabesity
, 29; Sharron Dalton,
Our Overweight Children: What Parents, Schools, and Communities Can Do to Control the Fatness Epidemic
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 37.
Kaufman,
Diabesity
, 29; Sharron Dalton,
Our Overweight Children: What Parents, Schools, and Communities Can Do to Control the Fatness Epidemic
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 37.
Page 81 name was changed to simply “type-2 diabetes”:
Kaufman,
Diabesity
, 14.
Kaufman,
Diabesity
, 14.
Page 81
one in three
will become diabetic:
“Lifetime Risk for Diabetes Mellitus in United States,”
http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/news/docs/lifetime.htm
; K. M. Venkat Narayan et al., “Lifetime Risk for Diabetes Mellitus in the United States,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
290, no. 14 (October 2003), 1884-1890.
one in three
will become diabetic:
“Lifetime Risk for Diabetes Mellitus in United States,”
http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/news/docs/lifetime.htm
; K. M. Venkat Narayan et al., “Lifetime Risk for Diabetes Mellitus in the United States,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
290, no. 14 (October 2003), 1884-1890.
Page 81 continually warning Americans:
Michael Pollan,
In Defense of Food: An Eater’s Manifesto
(New York: The Penguin Press, 2008), 50.
Michael Pollan,
In Defense of Food: An Eater’s Manifesto
(New York: The Penguin Press, 2008), 50.
Page 81 Coke wasn’t the only company:
Meet the Bloggers, featuring Marion Nestle, November 21, 2008,
http://meetthebloggers.org/show_112108.php
; Marion Nestle, interview by the author.
Meet the Bloggers, featuring Marion Nestle, November 21, 2008,
http://meetthebloggers.org/show_112108.php
; Marion Nestle, interview by the author.
Page 81 from 3,200 to 3,900 per capita:
USDA Economic Research Service, Nutrient Availability Data, February 27, 2009; Marion Nestle, e-mail to the author.
USDA Economic Research Service, Nutrient Availability Data, February 27, 2009; Marion Nestle, e-mail to the author.
Page 81 “When you come in” . . . “At the time . . . your kid is ugly”:
Hank Cardello, interview by the author.
Hank Cardello, interview by the author.
Page 82 to sweeten their diet beverages:
“Searle Sweetener Expands Its Market,”
New York Times
, September 20, 1983.
“Searle Sweetener Expands Its Market,”
New York Times
, September 20, 1983.
Page 82 100 percent aspartame formula:
“Coke Sweetener,”
New York Times
, November 30, 1984; Pamela G. Hollie, “Pepsi’s Diet Soft Drinks Switched to NutraSweet,”
New York Times
, November 2, 1984.
“Coke Sweetener,”
New York Times
, November 30, 1984; Pamela G. Hollie, “Pepsi’s Diet Soft Drinks Switched to NutraSweet,”
New York Times
, November 2, 1984.
Page 82 Complaints about the chemical more than doubled:
Centers for Disease Control, “Evaluation of Consumer Complaints Related to Aspartame Use,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
33, no. 43 (November 2, 1984), 605-607.
Centers for Disease Control, “Evaluation of Consumer Complaints Related to Aspartame Use,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
33, no. 43 (November 2, 1984), 605-607.
Page 82 “unless the CBS story snowballed”:
Cardello, 133.
Cardello, 133.
Page 82 concerns about aspartame of minor importance:
Centers for Disease Control, “Evaluation of Consumer Complaints Related to Aspartame Use.”
Centers for Disease Control, “Evaluation of Consumer Complaints Related to Aspartame Use.”
Page 82 more than seven thousand complaints:
“Clearing Up the Newest Rumors About Aspartame Sweetener,”
Wall Street Journal
, June 7, 1999.
“Clearing Up the Newest Rumors About Aspartame Sweetener,”
Wall Street Journal
, June 7, 1999.
Page 82 comprehensive, if controversial, study:
Morando Soffritti et al., “First Experimental Demonstration of the Multipotential Carcinogenic Effects of Aspartame Administered in the Feed to Sprague-Dawley Rats,”
Environmental Health Perspective
114, no. 3 (March 2006), 384-385.
Morando Soffritti et al., “First Experimental Demonstration of the Multipotential Carcinogenic Effects of Aspartame Administered in the Feed to Sprague-Dawley Rats,”
Environmental Health Perspective
114, no. 3 (March 2006), 384-385.
Page 82 FDA dismissed the study:
Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Statement on European Aspartame Study,” May 8, 2006.
Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Statement on European Aspartame Study,” May 8, 2006.
Page 82 sending representatives to lobby:
“Banning Aspartame in New Mexico,”
Carlsbad Current-Argus
, January 31, 2007.
“Banning Aspartame in New Mexico,”
Carlsbad Current-Argus
, January 31, 2007.
Page 83 discovered excessive levels of benzene:
Larry Alibrandi, former chemist at Cadbury-Schweppes, interview by the author.
Larry Alibrandi, former chemist at Cadbury-Schweppes, interview by the author.
Page 83 reaction of . . . sodium benzoate with ascorbic acid:
Lalita K. Gardner and Glen D. Lawrence, “Benzene Production from Decarboxylation of Benzoic Acid in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid and a Transition-Metal Catalyst,”
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
41, no. 5 (May 1993), 693-695.
Lalita K. Gardner and Glen D. Lawrence, “Benzene Production from Decarboxylation of Benzoic Acid in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid and a Transition-Metal Catalyst,”
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
41, no. 5 (May 1993), 693-695.
Page 83 more than 25 parts per billion:
“Project Denver” documents provided by Larry Alibrandi.
“Project Denver” documents provided by Larry Alibrandi.
Page 83 legal limit of 5 ppb:
Environmental Protection Agency, “Basic Information About Benzene in Drinking Water,”
http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw000/contaminants/basicinformation/benzene.html
.
Environmental Protection Agency, “Basic Information About Benzene in Drinking Water,”
http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw000/contaminants/basicinformation/benzene.html
.
Page 83 met promptly with the FDA:
Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, “Benzene Residues in Soft Drinks,” Memorandum of Meeting, December 7, 1980.
Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, “Benzene Residues in Soft Drinks,” Memorandum of Meeting, December 7, 1980.
Page 83 let the companies quietly reformulate:
Food and Drug Administration, “Questions and Answers on the Occurrence of Benzene in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages,”
http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodContaminantsAdulteration/ChemicalContaminants/Benzene/ucm055131.htm#q6
.
Food and Drug Administration, “Questions and Answers on the Occurrence of Benzene in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages,”
http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodContaminantsAdulteration/ChemicalContaminants/Benzene/ucm055131.htm#q6
.
Page 83 Perrier water was found contaminated:
Alan Riding, “Perrier Widens Recall After Finding,”
New York Times
, February 15, 1990.
Alan Riding, “Perrier Widens Recall After Finding,”
New York Times
, February 15, 1990.
Page 83 FDA’s own tests:
Environmental Working Group, “FDA Data Undercut Public Safety Assurances by Top Agency Official: Tests Found High Benzene Contamination of Diet Soda,” April 4, 2006,
http://www.ewg.org/node/8777
.
Environmental Working Group, “FDA Data Undercut Public Safety Assurances by Top Agency Official: Tests Found High Benzene Contamination of Diet Soda,” April 4, 2006,
http://www.ewg.org/node/8777
.
Page 83 still present in some drinks:
Larry Alibrandi; Laboratory Analysis Report for American Quality Beverages, Life Sciences Laboratories, Inc., November 11, 2005; for more information, see Michael Blanding, “Hard Times for Soft Drinks,”
AlterNet
, March 13, 2006.
Larry Alibrandi; Laboratory Analysis Report for American Quality Beverages, Life Sciences Laboratories, Inc., November 11, 2005; for more information, see Michael Blanding, “Hard Times for Soft Drinks,”
AlterNet
, March 13, 2006.
Page 83 FDA released its own tests:
Food and Drug Administration, “Data on Benzene in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages,” May 16, 2007,
http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodContaminantsAdulteration/ChemicalContaminants/Benzene/ucm055815.htm
.
Food and Drug Administration, “Data on Benzene in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages,” May 16, 2007,
http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodContaminantsAdulteration/ChemicalContaminants/Benzene/ucm055815.htm
.
Page 83 “unequivocally that our products are safe”:
The Coca-Cola Company, “Company Statement on Benzene,” March 17, 2006.
The Coca-Cola Company, “Company Statement on Benzene,” March 17, 2006.
Page 83 reformulate the drinks and pay:
“Coca-Cola Reaches Settlements over Benzene Claims,” Associated Press, May 14, 2007.
“Coca-Cola Reaches Settlements over Benzene Claims,” Associated Press, May 14, 2007.
Page 84 “three major political waves”:
David Vogel,
Fluctuating Fortunes: The Political Power of Business in America
(New York: Basic Books, 1989), 93-94.
David Vogel,
Fluctuating Fortunes: The Political Power of Business in America
(New York: Basic Books, 1989), 93-94.
Page 84 labeled the “food police”:
Activist Cash, Center for Science in the Public Interest,
http://activistcash.com/organization_overview.cfm/o/13-center-for-science-in-the-public-interest
.
Activist Cash, Center for Science in the Public Interest,
http://activistcash.com/organization_overview.cfm/o/13-center-for-science-in-the-public-interest
.
Page 84 push to ban trans fats . . . calorie counts:
Center for Science in the Public Interest, Trans Fat,
http://www.cspinet.org/transfat/
; Stephanie Saul, “Conflict on the Menu,”
New York Times
, February 16, 2008.
Center for Science in the Public Interest, Trans Fat,
http://www.cspinet.org/transfat/
; Stephanie Saul, “Conflict on the Menu,”
New York Times
, February 16, 2008.
Page 85 even young children . . . girls . . . two cans a day:
Michael F. Jacobson,
Liquid Candy: How Soft Drinks Are Harming Americans’ Health,
Center for Science in the Public Interest, 1998.
Michael F. Jacobson,
Liquid Candy: How Soft Drinks Are Harming Americans’ Health,
Center for Science in the Public Interest, 1998.
Page 85 about 10 teaspoons of sugar:
Jacobson,
Liquid Candy,
2005.
Jacobson,
Liquid Candy,
2005.
Page 85 CSPI did an update:
Jacobson,
Liquid Candy,
2005.
Jacobson,
Liquid Candy,
2005.
Page 85 “Soft drinks make no”:
Usha Lee McFarling, “Food Police in a Fizz over Nation’s Huge Thirst for Soda Pop,” Knight-Ridder Newspapers, October 22, 1998.
Usha Lee McFarling, “Food Police in a Fizz over Nation’s Huge Thirst for Soda Pop,” Knight-Ridder Newspapers, October 22, 1998.
Page 86 established the Tobacco Industry Research Committee:
David Michaels,
Doubt Is Their Product: How Industry’s Assault on Science Threatens Your Health
(Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2008), 6.
David Michaels,
Doubt Is Their Product: How Industry’s Assault on Science Threatens Your Health
(Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2008), 6.
Page 86 “Industry has learned”:
Michaels, x.
Michaels, x.
Page 86 Knowing that it is nearly impossible:
Michaels, 60.
Michaels, 60.
Page 86 secondhand smoke . . . global warming:
Michaels, 198.
Michaels, 198.
Page 86 “creating doubt about the health charge”:
Michaels, 11.
Michaels, 11.
Page 87 failed for the first time in years:
Hays, 248.
Hays, 248.
Page 87 contamination scare in Belgium:
Patricia Sellers, “Crunch Time for Coke: His Company Is Overflowing with Trouble. But CEO Doug Ivester Says He’s in Firm Control of ‘the Most Noble Business on Earth,’”
Fortune
, July 17, 1999.
Patricia Sellers, “Crunch Time for Coke: His Company Is Overflowing with Trouble. But CEO Doug Ivester Says He’s in Firm Control of ‘the Most Noble Business on Earth,’”
Fortune
, July 17, 1999.
Page 87 Albert Meyer took a closer look:
Albert J. Meyer and Dwight M. Oswen, “Coca-Cola’s Accounting: Is It Really the Real Thing?”
Accounting Today,
September 28-October 11, 1998; Constance L. Hays, “The Markets: Marketplace; A Once-Sweet Bottling Plan Turns Sour for Coke,”
New York Times,
May 5, 1999.
Albert J. Meyer and Dwight M. Oswen, “Coca-Cola’s Accounting: Is It Really the Real Thing?”
Accounting Today,
September 28-October 11, 1998; Constance L. Hays, “The Markets: Marketplace; A Once-Sweet Bottling Plan Turns Sour for Coke,”
New York Times,
May 5, 1999.
Page 87 “One cannot transact with oneself ”:
Don Russell, “New Era Sleuth Has Coke Fizzing,”
Philadelphia Daily News,
October 21, 1998.
Don Russell, “New Era Sleuth Has Coke Fizzing,”
Philadelphia Daily News,
October 21, 1998.
Page 87 “smoke and mirrors”:
Dean Foust, “Gone Flat: The Good Old Days Weren’t As Good As You Thought,”
BusinessWeek
, December 20, 2004.
Dean Foust, “Gone Flat: The Good Old Days Weren’t As Good As You Thought,”
BusinessWeek
, December 20, 2004.
Page 87 private meeting . . . amount overseas:
Hays, 327.
Hays, 327.
Page 88 outsourced to contract workers:
Hays, 328-329.
Hays, 328-329.
Page 88 downgraded volume targets:
Hays, 338.
Hays, 338.
Page 88 voted down by the board:
Hays, 340-341.
CHAPTER 4 . THE BATTLE FOR SCHOOLSHays, 340-341.
Page 89 The first time Jackie Domac heard:
Domac, interview by the author.
Domac, interview by the author.
Page 89 prohibited it from selling juice . . . about $1 per student:
Gayle Pollard-Terry, “Goodbye Candy, Hello Soy Bars,”
Los Angeles Times
, September 2, 2002.
Gayle Pollard-Terry, “Goodbye Candy, Hello Soy Bars,”
Los Angeles Times
, September 2, 2002.
Page 91 sales of soda . . . strictly regulated:
Marion Nestle,
Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Health and Nutrition
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2007 [orig. pub. 2002]), 207-210.
Marion Nestle,
Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Health and Nutrition
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2007 [orig. pub. 2002]), 207-210.
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