The Cold War: A MILITARY History (80 page)

Soviet Union: bomber-aircraft threat, 3–7, 303; post-war disagreements with Allies, 3; post-war power and position, 4–6; territorial defence and satellites, 4, 6; ethnic transportations, 5; and administration of Berlin, 9, 328–33, 336, 339–41; Berlin blockade, 9, 332–3, 338; controls eastern Europe, 9, 13; and Brussels Treaty, 12; expansionist policy, 17–18; forms and dominates Warsaw Pact, 26, 54–6; invades Hungary (1956), 26, 37, 57–9; shoots down US spy plane, 26; 1970 German Treaty, 28; claims right of intervention in eastern Europe, 28; invades Afghanistan, 29; attack strategy, 30, 361; troop reductions (1989), 31; withdraws from Afghanistan, 31; forces deployed in Czechoslovakia (1968), 38, 40; deploys SS-20 missiles, 40–3; as nuclear power, 47; troops in Warsaw Pact countries, 55–6; withholds nuclear weapons from Warsaw Pact allies, 57; and Polish unrest (1980–1), 62–4; troops withdraw from Czechoslovakia and Hungary (1990), 67; western republics declare independence from (1990–1), 67; nuclear testing, 80–1, 405; nuclear strategy, 85–90, 366, 386; World War II casualties, 86, 373; nuclear targets in, 91, 364–5, 441–2; ICBM development, 98–102; strategic missiles, 98–102, 422–4; strategic bombers, 127–30, 414; targeted by China, 147; civil defence, 149–51; deployment of forces in Europe, 250–6; airborne troops, 254–6; battle tanks, 258–9, 262–5, 268, 272–4, 435–6; infantry carriers, 278–9; field artillery, 283–6, 437; air-defence missiles and guns, 288–91; aircraft development, 312–16; air force, 314–15; mobilization plans, 324; battlefield nuclear weapons, 353, 355, 440; in US nuclear strategy, 363–4, 441–2; effects of nuclear attacks on, 370–5; procurement and financing, 381–2; land-based missiles, 407–8; sea-launched ballistic missiles, 409–10; nuclear submarine accidents, 426–8;
see also
Warsaw Pact

Spain: membership of NATO, 22, 29–30, 243; and NATO command structure, 50; navy, 171, 198n; submarines, 195; marines, 227; airborne troops, 242; tanks, 270n

Spanish Civil War (1936–9), 81n

Spínola, General Antonio, 37

SS missiles (USSR), 30, 40–4, 98–102, 105–6, 108, 117, 145–6, 207, 353, 366, 384

SS-N missiles (USSR), 116n, 117–22, 158, 178, 206–7, 213

SSBNs
see
submarines: ballistic, nuclear

Stalin, Josef V.: 1946 Five-Year Plan, 4; defence obsession, 6; and Yugoslavia, 8; and Finnish treaty, 17; and US threat, 54; split with Tito, 64; builds up fleet, 217

stand-off missiles, 130–2

Strategic Air Command (USA), 125–6, 132–4, 139

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT): Round I, 28, 112; Round II, 28, 41–2; and Soviet missiles, 100, 102; and strategic bombers, 129

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI; ‘Star Wars’), 30

submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs): launching, 88–9, 113–17, 158; German, 110, 169; US, 110–17, 409–11; Soviet, 117–23, 158, 178, 206–7, 213, 411–12; British, 140–1, 418; French, 143–4, 418; Chinese, 147, 418; reliability, 158; and nuclear balance, 159–60; in anti-carrier warfare, 206–7

submarines: ballistic, nuclear (SSBNs), 88–9, 91, 93, 110, 123; in nuclear strikes, 88; German (U-boats), 110, 164, 169, 184, 190, 192–4; US types and classes, 110–15, 409–10; diesel-electric, 117, 119, 190–5, 211, 430; Soviet types and classes, 117, 119–21, 206, 409–10; miniature (X-craft), 121n, 194; British, 140–1, 418; availability, 156–7; Soviet strength, 164–5, 211, 429–30; countermeasures against, 165, 191, 210–12; nuclear-powered, 165, 184–9; Romanian, 183; accidents (nuclear), 426–8;
see also
submarine-launched ballistic missiles

Sudetenland, 5, 7

Suez crisis (1956), 26, 34, 37, 58, 223

Sun Tzu, 320, 387

Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), 47

surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), 135, 286–9, 314

Suslov, Mikhail, 58

Sweden: and Nordic pact, 14–15; declines NATO membership, 19–20; civil defence, 153; battle tank, 273

Switzerland: civil defence, 153

tanker aircraft, 134, 415

tanks (battle): British, 157, 259, 264, 268–9, 272–4, 435; characteristics and performance, 257–61; Soviet, 258–9, 262–5, 268, 272–4, 435–6; defence against, 259–61; US, 259, 265–8, 271–2, 435; fire-control systems, 260–1; armour and defence, 261–2, 270; propulsion and engines, 262; French, 265, 270, 435; NATO, 265–72; West German, 265–73, 435; Swedish, 273; costs, 274

Thatcher, Margaret, 386

thermal radiation (nuclear), 74–5

Thor missile, 96, 103

Thorez, Maurice, 21

Thresher
(US submarine), 185

throw weight (missile payload), 92–3

Titan missile, 97, 104, 106, 160

Tito, Josip Broz: takes power, 8; independence of Soviet Union, 57, 64

Togliatti, Palmiro, 9

Tokyo: bombed (1945), 74, 373–4

Tomahawk cruise missile, 113, 186

Tongking, Gulf of, 209

transient radiation effects on electronics (TREE), 77

triad (strategic concept), 88

Trident submarine missile system, 112–15, 120, 140, 141, 158

Trieste, 9

‘tripwire’ strategy, 27 & n; replaced by ‘flexible response’, 27, 237, 365

Triton submarine-launched-cruise-missile programme, 111

Truman, Harry S.: supports Brussels Treaty, 13; 1948 election victory, 18–19; and North Atlantic Treaty, 18

Tsushima, battle of (1905), 175n

Turkey: membership of NATO, 22, 25, 49; hostility to Greece, 26, 37; occupies northern Cyprus, 37; sea supplies to, 163; navy, 169; submarines, 191, 195; marines, 227; airborne troops, 242; aircraft, 308; battlefield nuclear weapons in, 350

‘twin-track’ (diplomatic/military) approach, 42

U-2 spy plane, 26, 364

U-boats
see
submarines

Ukraine: independence (1991), 67

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
see
Soviet Union

United Kingdom: post-war status, 4, 16–17, 136; and Malaya ‘emergency’, 9–10; signs Dunkirk Treaty, 10–11; in Brussels Treaty, 11; borrows from USA, 16; relations with USA, 16–17; opposition to missile deployment, 42; command links with USA, 46; controls own land and air defences, 48; and naval command, 48–9, 51, 164; as NATO base, 51; nuclear testing, 80–1, 137, 405; wartime experience, 86; as nuclear-target reserve, 91; miniature submarines (‘X’ craft), 121n, 194; strategic bombers, 124–5, 131, 133, 136–9, 416–17; Strategic Air Command bases in, 125, 133; as nuclear power, 136–41; land-based missiles, 139–40; submarine programme, 140–1, 188–9, 193–4, 418; civil defence, 152–3; naval strength, 164, 171–2, 213; aircraft carriers, 196, 202–4; surface warships, 213–15; in Falklands War, 214–15; and mine warfare, 221–2; and amphibious warfare, 223; marines, 226; and central-European strategy, 231; regular army, 232; army in Europe, 234–5; airborne troops, 242; mobilization, 243–4; logistical problems, 246–7; deployment of forces, 248; battle tanks, 257, 259, 265, 268–9, 272–4, 435; armoured personnel carriers, 280; field artillery, 283, 437; air-defence missiles, 287, 290; air-defence control, 298; air force (RAF) in Germany, 299–300; fighter and attack aircraft, 306–7; and outbreak of 1914 war, 326–7; and military organization in Berlin, 334–5; battlefield nuclear weapons, 354; JIGSAW studies on effects of nuclear warfare, 368–70, 372–3, 375; procurement and financial problems, 380–2

United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organization (UKWMO), 152

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 6

United States of America: post-war power, 4; observes Brussels Treaty, 12–13; and Nordic pact, 15; European garrisons and involvement, 16; relations with UK, 16–17; and formation of NATO, 17–22; forces relocated after French withdrawal from NATO, 35; in Vietnam War, 39, 135, 235; and missile deployment, 41–3; command links with UK, 46; in NATO command structure, 46–51; and naval command, 48; nuclear testing, 80–1, 405; deterrence strategy, 84–6, 366–7; nuclear planning, 87–90; nuclear targets in, 91; ICBM programme, 95–8, 104–5, 364, 422–4; submarine-based-missile threat to, 110; and UK nuclear weapons, 136–7, 139–40; targeted by China, 147; civil defence, 149, 151; adopts European aircraft and
equipment
, 210–11, 381; and central-European strategy, 231; abolishes conscription, 232, 235; army in Europe, 235–6, 238–40, 248; airborne troops, 241–2; mobilization and transport problems, 244–5, 247; battle tanks, 259, 265–8, 271–2, 435; and infantry mobility, 275–8; field guns, 283; air-defence missiles and guns, 286–7, 290–1; and Berlin incidents, 339–41; battlefield nuclear weapons, 350–3, 438–9; presidential control of use of nuclear weapons, 357; nuclear strategy, 363–7, 441–2; effects of Soviet nuclear attacks on, 369, 373–4; procurement and financing, 380–2; land-based missiles, 406; sea-launched ballistic missiles, 409; strategic missiles, 422–4

United States Air Force (USAF): ICBMs, 95–7, 104–5; strategic bombers, 99, 122, 124–7, 380, 413; in NATO, 300; fighter and attack aircraft, 303–5;
see also
Strategic Air Command

United States Marine Corps (USMC), 224–5, 304–5, 381

United States Navy: submarines, 113–15, 185–7, 191, 409–10; aircraft carriers, 163, 196–202; strength and role, 163–6, 173, 176; surface warships, 208–12; battleships, 218, 225; and mine warfare, 220–2; and amphibious warfare, 223; attack aircraft, 304–5; and Berlin contingency plans, 337; carrier air wing, 431

United States Sixth Fleet: in Mediterranean, 49

United States
(US carrier), 197, 199

V-1 cruise missile (German), 82, 84n, 95, 110–11, 131, 351

V-2 rocket (German)
see
A-4 rocket

V-force bombers (UK), 131, 133, 136–9

Vandenberg, Arthur, 21

Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, 157

Vienna
see
Conventional Armed Forces in Europe talks

Viet Minh, 9, 34

Vietnam: US involvement in, 39, 235; US bombing in, 135; US navy and, 165, 209; as Soviet ally, 174;
see also
Indo-China

Vincennes
(US cruiser), 210

Wa
ł
esa, Lech, 67

Walker spy ring, 178

Walter, Dr Helmuth, 184, 193–4

warheads (nuclear), 91–4; enhanced-radiation, 75, 77, 350, 385–6

Warsaw Pact: formed (1955), 26, 54–5; forces invade Czechoslovakia (1968), 28, 38–40, 59–61, 253, 322, 325; troop reductions (1989), 31; command structure, 55–6; Soviet troop deployment, 55–6; collapse, 66–7; civil-defence measures, 151; navies, 174–83; submarines, 195; European attack strategy and plans, 237, 358–62, 375; deployment of forces in Europe, 250–6; airborne forces, 254–6; battle tanks, 258–9, 262–5, 268, 272–4, 435; air forces, 312–16; and NATO alert systems and plans, 320–6; preparations for war, 324–7; battlefield nuclear weapons (tactical), 349, 353–4, 383; financing, 379; text of Treaty, 398–400; appointments and commanders, 404

warships (surface), 208–18

Weinberger, Caspar, 84

West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany): rearmament, 25, 54–5; joins Brussels Treaty, 26; membership of NATO, 26, 54–5, 236; 1970 Soviet Treaty, 28; Polish Treaty (1970), 28; admitted to UN, 29; and NATO command structure, 50; civil defence, 153; naval role, 167, 169; submarines (U-boats), 169, 194–5;
armed
forces, 231, 233–4; and NATO defence strategy, 237–40; airborne troops, 242; mobilization, 244–5; and refugee problem, 246; deployment of forces, 248; battle tanks, 265–73, 381, 435; infantry carriers, 279; artillery, 283, 437; air-defence missiles, 287; air force and aircraft, 298–9, 308–9; set up, 330; contributes to costs of Berlin occupation, 346; battlefield nuclear weapons in, 350; and Warsaw Pact attack threat, 359–62; effects of nuclear warfare in, 376–7;
see also
Germany

Western Group of Forces
see
Group of Soviet Forces Germany

Western European Union
see
Western Union

Western Union (Brussels Treaty): formed, 11–13, 16, 18–21; renamed, 26; West Germany admitted to, 54

Western Union Defence Organization, 12, 20, 391–3

Whence the Threat to Peace?
(Soviet publication), 29

Wilson, Harold, 386

‘withholds’ (exempted targets), 87n, 90, 364, 366

World War I (1914–18): outbreak and mobilization, 326–7

World War II: mine warfare, 219; and amphibious warfare, 223

Yakubovsky, Marshal I. I., 57

Yamato
(Japanese battleship), 217

Yom Kippur War (1973), 29, 319–20

Yugoslavia: relations with USSR, 4, 8; turns to West, 8; independence of USSR, 57, 64

Zossen-Wünstorf, East Germany, 250

Zuckerman, Sir Solly, 356

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