The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1191 page)

(Arab.,
jama‘a
,
‘collect
,
unite’
). The Muslim assembly for the midday prayer (
al
t
) on
yaum al-juma‘
, (day of assembly), Friday (
Qur’
n
62. 9). It is obligatory on free, adult males.

 
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Junaid
(Junayd)
:

see
AL-JUNAID (JUNAYD)
.

 
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(1875–1961).
Psychiatrist and analytical psychologist, whose views have been thought by some to be more sympathetic to religion than those of
Freud
. After an exchange of letters, Jung first met Sigmund Freud in 1907; they collaborated closely until 1913. By 1912, however, Jung could no longer conceal his differences from Freud. After his break with Freud, Jung suffered a psychotic breakdown during which he believed that he confronted his own unconscious. The first fruit of this exploration was his formulation of a general theory of psychological types. Jung's typology has been the subject of debate and application, for example in the Myers Brigg's type indicator (MBTI) which has been widely used in church and other circles in order to enable a dispassionate awareness of one's preferences to be developed.
Jung felt humans to be naturally religious, the religious function being as powerful as the instinct for sex or aggression. He was not a supporter of established religions but he was interested in religious philosophies. Jung could be said to have spent his whole life trying to relate human nature and beings to God. Jung distinguished between God and God-image. From his view that a collective personality is carried in the racial or collective subconscious, he claimed to have located the source which gives rise, not only to artefacts, but to dreams, myths, and religions.
Jung was not so much concerned with the ontological truth of religious assertions as with the role of religious symbols in enabling a healthy life.

 
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Justification
.

In Christian theology, God's act in redeeming men and women from a state of sin, and discounting its deserved effect. How this act is conceived is a matter of fundamental difference between traditional
Catholic
and
Protestant
theology.
Catholic and Protestant theologies have now approached each other
ecumenically
. Protestant views, however insistent on God's unconditional acceptance of sinners, do not necessarily tend to a disregard of good works (
antinomianism
) and of holiness. Catholic views, although based on God's justice and the rewards and punishment which must accompany it, do not deny that merit itself may be a gift of God.

 
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(
c.
100–
c.
165).
Early Christian apologist (see
APOLOGETICS
). A native of Samaria, he became a Christian after a long search for truth in pagan philosophies. According to an authentic record of proceedings, he and some of his disciples were denounced as Christians and, on refusing to sacrifice, they were beheaded. Justin's
First Apology
(
c.
155) argues that traces of the truth are to be found in pagan thinkers, since all share in the ‘generative word’ (
logos spermatikos
), but Christianity alone is rationally credible, because the
logos
became incarnate to redeem as well as to instruct.
His Dialogue with Trypho
(R. Tarphon)
the Jew
is considered one of the more fair-minded of ancient Christian rebuttals of Judaism.