The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1581 page)

Mo Tzu
(honorific title, ‘Teacher Mo’, given to Mo Ti
,

c.
470–
c.
380 BCE)
. Leading philosopher among the ‘hundred philosophers’ of early China. He was educated in the classic texts, and may for a time have followed
Confucius
; but he strongly opposed Confucianism for its agnosticism about heaven (
t’ien
) and spiritual beings, and its preoccupation with ritual. He advocated an attitude of love (
ai
) to all beings, not just toward family or those from whom reciprocal favours can be expected. This love, which is central to Mo Tzu's teaching, means regarding all as equally deserving of it. Extravagant activities, and above all warfare, should be abandoned. All this is in accord with the will of T’ien, now personified as actively seeking the practice of love.

 
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ATHOS, MOUNT
.

 
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Mount Hiei
.

The site in Japan, north of Ky
to, where
Saich
established his first
Tendai
(Chin.,
T’ien-t’ai
, hence the alternative name for Mount Hiei, Tairei) temple, Enryakuji. The early buildings were destroyed in 1572. The Hall of Study (Daikodo) and the Main Hall (Konpo-chudo) were rebuilt in the 17th cent.

 
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see
SINAI, MOUNT
.

 
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(Arab.,
mur
d
, ‘aspirant’ or ‘disciple’). An innovative Muslim brotherhood in Senegal. It derives from Amadu Bamba (
c.
1850–1927), a saintly, scholarly
marabout
within the
S
f
and
Qadariy(y)a
tradition, and Ibra Fall (1858–1930), an aristocratic Wolof. Together they founded new agricultural villages and a new holy city, Touba, which became the centre for the Magal, an annual pilgrimage which attracted half a million pilgrims by 1975. Deviations from orthodox Islam include rejection of the duty of holy war (
jih
d
) and of the Meccan pilgrimage (
ajj
), reduction of almsgiving to tithes to the marabout, and giving more attention to the latter than to Islamic law, and to Amadu Bamba than to
Mu
ammad
.