The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (2542 page)

see
K
AN
.

 
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see
FIVE WAYS OF CH’AN/ZEN
;
HUA-YEN
.

 
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(Chin., ‘sustaining the thought’).
Taoist
method of meditation, concentrating on a particular object. This may be literal or conceptual (e.g. the three treasures,
san-pao
), or it may be the visualization of the inner deities.

 
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(Jap., ‘all night’). The Japanese practice of keeping vigil over the dead; the relatives, friends, and acquaintances of the dead keep a watch over his or her soul all night before the day of the funeral ceremony.

 
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Tübingen School
.

A group of scholars of early Christianity who were influential in the mid-19th cent. They were led by F. C.
Baur
and included E. Zeller, A. Hilgenfeld, A. Schwegler, and (for a time) A. Ritschl. In their view, influenced by
Hegel's
conception of history, the early church was divided into a Jewish party led by Peter and a gentile party led by Paul. The opposition of the two parties was resolved only in the
‘catholic’
synthesis of the 2nd cent., at which time the bulk of the New Testament was written. Baur's influence declined after the 1840s, and the work of A.
Harnack
and J. B. Lightfoot is usually said to have led to the abandonment of its positions.

 
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Tu bi-Shevat
.

Jewish festival of
New Year
for trees. This festival is celebrated on 15 Shevat. In Israel, the festival has become one of thanksgiving for the revival of the land, accompanied, often, by ceremonial tree-plantings by children.

 
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