The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (2750 page)

(Skt.). In Hinduism, one who has attained realization of, and union with,
Brahman
permeating all appearance, and lives in that condition of freedom from all appearance.

 
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(11th cent. CE)
. Taoist encyclopaedia, containing, in many vols., a survey of all the works and practices addressed to the prolonging of life and attaining of immortality up to that time. It contains much early Taoist work that no longer survives in any other form.

 
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665–713)
. Last of the great masters of the school of
Hui-neng
. He combined the philosophy of
T’ien-t’ai
with Ch’an practice, and related both to
M
dhyamaka
. These views are reflected in a poem attributed to him,
Sh
d
ka
, ‘Hymn on the Experience of
Tao
/truth’.

 
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(Chin., ‘Cloud Hill’). Complex of caves 16 km. west of the N. China town of Ta-t’ung (Datong), with cave temples containing among the greatest expressions of Chinese Buddhist art.

 
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864–949)
. Founder of the Ch’an/Zen
Ummon school
. He was dharma-successor (
hassu
) of
Hsueh-feng
I-ts'un. A ruler from the Liu family built a monastery for him on Mount Yün-men (hence his name), where many disciples gathered. Yün-men used the stick-and-shout method (
katsu
see
HO
,
kyosaku
), but is better known for his careful use of word structures in dialogue, leading into
k
ans
—e.g. he would offer different answers, or answer for the student, or make the answer a question. He is particularly renowned for introducing ‘one-word barriers’, single-word, challenging answers (though in fact they may be of more than one character), thus: ‘What are the words of the revered Buddhas and great patriarchs?’ ‘Dumplings’; ‘What is Zen?’ ‘It’; ‘What is the eye of the true
Dharma
?’ ‘Everywhere’.