The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (60 page)

Adoptianism
.

A Christian
heresy
in 8th-cent. Spain: the
Logos
, as true Son of God, must be distinguished from
Christ
, who is Son in a different sense, as a consequence of the Word ‘adopting’ humanity.
More generally, the term, usually spelt adoptionism, refers to the view that Jesus was a man whom God adopted as his son.

 
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Adoptionism
:

see
ADOPTIANISM
.

 
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c.
1235–
c.
1310, commonly known as Rashba).
Spanish Jewish scholar. He was considered the outstanding student of
Na
manides
, and for forty years held the position of
Rabbi
of Barcelona. He was the author of many
responsa
which were gathered together for future guidance. He also refuted the attempt of Raimundo Martini in
Pugio Fidei
to argue from the Talmud against the Jews; and he argued against
ibn
azm
, contesting the divine origin of the
Qur’
n
.

 
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(
c.
1100–59).
The first and so far only Englishman to be
pope
. He was born Nicholas Breakspear, and after education partly in France, he became a monk near Avignon. In 1137, he was elected
abbot
. In 1150–3 he was
papal legate
in Scandinavia, where his skill in reordering the church led him to be called ‘The Apostle of the North’. He was elected pope in 1154. In the conflicts of the time, he sought an alliance with the German king, Frederick I Barbarossa, crowning him in front of his army as Holy Roman Emperor in 1155, in a ceremony designed to emphasize Frederick's subservient position.

 
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