The Dark Box: A Secret History of Confession (36 page)

      
criticism of,
31–32

      
exploitation by Innocent III to seek out heretics,
17

      
first,
112–113
,
118
,
213–214
,
218

      
Fourth Lateran Council decree,
17

      
inquisitorial,
53

      
investigatory,
21

      
in literature and film,
198–205

      
location of,
172
,
175–181

      
in monasteries,
14

      
noncompliance with obligation,
26

      
obligatory,
15
,
17–19
,
37
,
83
,
106

      
potential capacity of,
228–229

      
Protestant challenge to,
31

      
public,
6

      
questioning during,
21
,
38
,
53

      
serviam of married Catholics and,
207–210

      
sexual solicitation/abuse,
43
,
169–196

      
“shopping list,”
225–226

      
social/communal nature of,
235

      
as test of inclusion or exclusion,
37

      
as trauma in childhood,
112
,
113

      
varieties of experiences with,
217–226

      
of venial sins,
8
,
37

Confessional box

      
current state of,
197

      
introduction of,
39
,
44–45

      
in literature and film,
198
,
200–201

      
sexual abuse and,
45–47
,
50–51

      
trauma in childhood,
112

Confessional manuals,
21

Confessors

      
burdens on,
225–226

      
of children,
118–122

      
of clergy committing sexual abuse,
192–194

      
criminal,
28–30

      
criticisms of,
14
,
35

      
handbooks and
summas
for,
18
,
21–22
,
32
,
49

      
of “holy women,”
55–58

      
ignorance of,
14
,
20

      
Lateran Council recommendations for,
17

      
number of,
126–127

      
obedience to,
65

      
persecution of,
32

      
preparation of priests as,
65

      
sexual solicitations/abuse by,
29–30
,
45–52
,
66
,
69

      
specialist,
23–24

      
spiritual direction given by,
220–221

      
training and regulation,
17
,
42

      
of women,
24–26
,
29–30
,
45–51
,
55–58
,
66–69
,
73

Conformity, in seminary life,
130–131

Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith,
184
,
208

Conrad of Marburg,
24

Conscience, examination of,
24

Contraception,
159
,
205–210
,
215

Contrition

      
attrition,
36

      
communal ritual of,
219

      
confession and,
111
,
117
,
118

      
Council of Trent and,
36

      
Day of Atonement and,
4

      
formal words of,
111

      
repetitive, private in monasteries,
8

      
technical language of,
117

Convents,
48–49
,
69–70

Copleston, Frederick,
130

Coppola, Francis Ford,
199

Corrispondenza Romana
,
94

Council of Narbonne,
106

Council of Trent,
33–37
,
103
,
198
,
212

      
confession and,
35–37
,
42

      
on contrition,
36

      
enclosure rules and,
35
,
48

      
enforcement of decrees of,
41
,
47

      
influence of,
59

      
location of,
34

      
moral theology and,
61
,
62

      
Pius X and,
87

      
split in Western Christendom and,
33–34

Counter-Reformation,
49
,
59

Courtin, Judy,
170

Cranmer, Thomas,
32

Crashaw, Richard,
205

Crimen Solliciationis
,
186

Custody of the eyes,
44
,
57

Cyprian,
7

Daly, Cahal,
184

Damnation, eternal,
5

Dancing,
73
,
74
,
143

Daniel-Rops, Henri,
204

Dante,
232

Dark Night of the Soul
(John of the Cross),
56
,
203–204

Darwin, Charles,
89

Davis, Charles,
123

Davis, H.,
135–136
,
141–150

Day of Atonement,
4

Daza, Gaspar,
56

De Cultu Feminarum
(Tertullian),
7

de Lai, Gaetano,
93

de Lubac, Henri,
235

Delation,
95
,
96

Deliver Us
(Meneghello),
198

Di Luciani, Geronimo,
30

Diabolism,
53–54

Diary of a Country Priest
(Bernanos),
198

Diderot, Denis,
68

Discipline of the Clergy,
124

Divine Comedy
(Dante),
232

Divorce,
222

Donatist heresy,
41
,
42

Doyle, Roddy,
115

Dreyfus, Alfred,
73

Durang, Christopher,
115

E Supremi Apostolatus
(Pius X encyclical),
83–84

Eastwood, Clint,
199

Eco, Umberto,
199

Editae Saepae
(Pius X encyclical),
85

Edward VI,
38

8½
(film),
199

Elizabeth I (queen of England),
32
,
39

Elizabeth (queen of Hungary),
24

Epieikeia,
157–160

Erasmus, Desiderius,
30
,
36

Eternity, concept explained to children,
116

Eucharist

      
congresses,
102

      
in Counter-Reformation era,
59–60

      
importance of,
218–219

      
Pope Pius X and,
102–104

      
in sixteenth century England,
38–39

Evangelism,
108

Ex opere operato
principle,
41

Excommunication

      
of Henry IV,
13

      
of liberal priests,
83

      
obligation of confession and,
17
,
20
,
26
,
37
,
106

      
use by Innocent III,
16

Family planning,
205

Farinacci, Prospero,
52

Fasting

      
before communion,
113
,
136–138

      
probabilism,
64

      
violation of fast,
136–138

The Fate of the Confession
(Collins and Power),
101

Fellini, Federico,
199

Fenichel, Otto,
155

First Things
,
187

First Vatican Council,
99

A Flag at Sunrise
(Stone),
199

Flete, William,
24

Forgiveness,
36
,
224

Fornication,
9
,
22
,
161

Foucault, Michel,
116

Fourth Crusade,
16

Fourth Lateran Council,
16–17
,
19
,
32
,
37
,
61
,
103
,
106

Franciscans,
114

Franz Joseph,
81

French Revolution,
66
,
84

Freud, Sigmund,
151–152
,
228

Friars, sexual abuse/solicitation by,
48

Frost in May
(White),
115

Gasparri, Pietro,
93
,
96

Gavin, Antonio,
67–68

Genesis myth,
232

Gerson, Jean Charlier de,
21–22
,
106

Giussano, Giovanni,
40–41

The Godfather
,
199

Goffman, Erving,
123
,
125

Golding, William,
233–234

Goretti, Maria,
148
,
224

The Gospel and the Church
(Loisy),
90

Gran Torino
(film),
199

Grave sin,
17

Greeley, Andrew,
207

Greene, Graham,
198

Gregory the Great,
106

Gregory VII,
12

Groër, Hans Hermann,
184

Grosbard, Ulu,
199

Guilt,
4
,
24
,
228

Haliczer, Stephen,
47
,
51

Häring, Bernard,
207

Harold, King
12

The Heather Blazing
(Tóibín),
198

Hebblethwaite, Margaret,
117

Hell

      
children taught about,
111
,
114–115
,
116

      
fear of,
18
,
36

      
modern notion of,
231–232

Hendrickson, Paul,
179

Henry II,
13

Henry IV,
12–13

Henry VIII,
30

Heresy,
16
,
17
,
20–21
,
38
,
41–42
,
91