The Diaries of Sofia Tolstoy (90 page)

battles near Yasnaya Polyana
: In October 1919 the Red Army won a series of victories over Denikin's army: Oryol was taken, and Voronezh, and the danger threatening Tula and Yasnaya Polyana was averted.

defend Yasnaya Polyana against looting
: On 13th June 1921, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee passed a resolution about the nationalization of Yasnaya Polyana, and it was declared “national property of the RSFSR”. In the years of Soviet power Yasnaya Polyana was converted into a cultural and historical monument of national and international significance.

Appendices

L.N. Tolstoy's Marriage

Yasnaya Polyana…from Algeria
: Maria Tolstaya separated from her husband, Valerian Tolstoy, in 1857, then went abroad and spent the next two winters in Algeria; she returned to Russia from Switzerland in the summer of 1862.

Zaseka
: Zaseka was a huge strip of crown forest adjacent to Yasnaya Polyana, some four miles wide, running through the whole of Tula province. (In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the trees in this forest were chopped down to make barricades against the onslaught of the Tartars.)

a large vaulted room downstairs
: The “room under the vaults” had many different functions over the years. From the end of 1862 to 1864 it was Tolstoy's study, where he wrote the beginning of
War and Peace
; between 1864 and the 1880s it was the older children's nursery, then the Tolstoys' sons' room; between 1887 and 1902 it was Tolstoy's study again; and from 1902 onwards the Tolstoys' daughters lived here.

Dunyasha
: See note to p. 24.

Alexei Stepanovich
: Alexei Orekhov.

old Nikolai
: Nikolai Bannikov.

Krasnoe, which used to belong to my grandfather Islenev
: After the death of his first wife Sofia Kozlovskaya (in 1830), Islenev gambled away his Krasnoe estate at cards.

an endless annual succession of children
: Sofia Kozlovskaya had six children by Islenev.

he was very involved with his school work
: Tolstoy was actively involved in pedagogical work throughout 1859 to 1862. Twenty-one schools were opened in the district from the autumn of 1861 on, with him serving as arbitrator. Students banned from the universities were invited by Tolstoy to teach there, and he himself held classes for peasant children at Yasnaya Polyana.

a completely unwarranted search of Yasnaya Polyana
: Between the 6th and 7th of July, while Tolstoy was away in Samara province taking the
fermented mare's milk cure, Yasnaya Polyana was searched on the orders of Dolgorukov, Chief of Police. They were looking for a secret printing press, banned works and so on, but found nothing incriminating. When he learnt about the search Tolstoy was extremely angry. “I keep telling myself,” he wrote to his cousin Alexandra on 7th August 1862, “what a blessing it was I wasn't there. If I had I would certainly have been arrested—as a murderer.”

She gave me her story to read…simplicity
: In young Sofia Behrs's story ‘Natasha' there were two heroes, Dublitsky and Smirnov, and a heroine called Elena, who had two sisters, the elder called Zinaida and the younger Natalya. The story tells of the pure love between Elena and Smirnov and her attraction for Dublitsky, a man considerably older than she.

Je crains d'aimer le comte
: “I'm afraid I love the Count” (French). On 23rd August 1863, Tolstoy too made his first note in his diary about his feelings for Sofia Behrs: “I am afraid of myself—afraid it may be the desire for love, not love itself. I try to see only her weaknesses, but it won't go away.” In a letter to Alexandra Tolstaya he humorously confessed: “Toothless old fool that I am, I have fallen in love.”

Le comte m'a fait la proposition
: “The Count has proposed to me” (French).

C'est dommage que…étudié
: “It's a pity it wasn't Mlle Lise; she has studied so well” (French).

dormeuse
: Large sleeping carriage.

he wanted…the marriage
: Compare with this note in Tolstoy's diary: “Doubts about her love, and the thought that she has deceived herself. On the wedding day fear, distrust, the desire to run away.”

his friend P
.: Mitrofan Polivanov.

Various Notes for Future Reference

L.N. has gone to Moscow to find a Russian tutor for the children
: In a letter to Fet of 1st–2nd September 1877, he wrote: “I have spent all this time hunting around trying to organize our teaching staff for the winter.” In the autumn of 1877 the Tolstoys hired V.I. Alexeev to teach the children. “Vasily Ivanovich was the first teacher we had who genuinely wanted not only to teach us the usual subjects but to give us some sort of moral training too,” wrote Sergei Tolstoy.

the war
: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78. Tolstoy suffered for the casualties borne by the Russian army in the early months of the war. “This war upsets and grieves me inexpressibly,” he wrote to N.M. Nagornov in September 1877.

he visited the Optina Pustyn Monastery…life
: Tolstoy and Strakhov left for the Optyna Monastery on 25th July. On 26th July he talked to Father Ambrosius and the other monks and attended vespers in the monastery.

a letter to the Tsar
: Tolstoy's plan to write to Alexander II about the reasons for Russia's reverses in the war with Turkey, and about the general situation at home, was eventually dropped. Instead he began an article ‘On Alexander II's Reign' which was never finished.

demonstrate the absolute necessity for religion
: Tolstoy wrote a dialogue called ‘People Talking', then expounded his views on the relationship between faith and reason in the form of an article (under the same title), which remained uncompleted.

He has begun to study, translate and interpret the Gospels
: In March 1880 he started on a work entitled ‘Collation and Translation of the Four Gospels', “an investigation of the teachings of Christ based not on interpretation but on what has come down to us from the teachings of Christ, words attributed to him and written in the Gospels; a translation of the four Gospels, brought together here as one”. This work continued off and on until the summer of 1881. First edition, vols. 1–3, Geneva, 1892–94.

Bibikov…beautiful German woman…Anna Stepanovna…pleasant-looking
: Pirogova killed herself on 4th January 1872 (information in
Tula Provincial Herald
, 8th January 1872). In April of that year Bibikov married a “beautiful German woman”, O.A. Firekel.

The Death of Vanechka

had published Vanechka's story in her magazine The Toy
: Vanechka's story ‘The Dachshund Taks Who Was Saved', in the journal
The Toy
, in the section ‘For Little Ones', no. 3, 1895. Sofia Tolstoy described how it came to be written: “One day, lying on the ottoman in the drawing room, he said to me: ‘Maman, I'm bored, I want to write like Papa. I'll tell you a story and you write it down.' And he proceeded to dictate to me such a clever little story about his childish life.”

Sonya is suffering as much as before…child
: She is quoting from two separate diary entries for 17th March: “Sonya is suffering as much as before, and is incapable of rising to a spiritual level. It must be that suffering is necessary for her and is doing its work within her. I feel sorry for her. But I believe it must be thus. It is necessary, so she may feel the hand of God and grow to know and love it.” And: “I have thought about it recently. Sonya is suffering terribly. The reason is that she invested all her spiritual energies in her animal love for her little one: she put her soul into the child, in the desire to keep him alive. She wanted to keep herself alive with the child, not to destroy her life for the world or God, but for her child. It's very strange.”

Lev Nikolaevich was very sweet to me then too
: In a letter of 27th March [1895], she wrote: “Lyovochka is being very kind to me. He takes
me out for walks and has taken me to visit a political prisoner in jail. I find his kindness and affection very comforting, but it grieves me to see him becoming more and more old, bent and thin; he cries all the time, he never smiles and is never cheerful. He is terribly unhappy about Vanechka and cannot see me.”

She is here referring to Tolstoy's visit to the Butyrki prison, on 22nd March, to see N.T. Izyumenko, who was deported to Siberia after refusing to do military service.

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Abramka, son of Ilya the coachman: 145

Abrikosov, Khrisanf Nikolaevich (1877–1957), fellow thinker of Tolstoy's: 282, 415

Abrikosovs, the: 467

Afanasyev, Vladimir Alexeevich, doctor: 413

Agafya Mikhailovna (1808–96), maid of P.N. Tolstaya, Tolstoy's grandmother; later lived at Yasnaya Polyana: xv

Ageev, Afanasy Nikolaevich (1861–1908), peasant from the village of Kaznacheevka in Tula province: 557

“Alcide”, son of A. Seuron: 159–60

Alekhin, Arkady Vasilevich (1885–1918), fellow thinker of Tolstoy's: 115, 120, 539

Alexander II, Nikolaevich (1818–81): xvi, xxiii, 3, 57–8, 507, 533, 535, 577, 578

Alexander III, Alexandrovich (1845–94): 58, 61, 140, 537, 566

Alexeev, Pyotr Semyonovich (1849–1913), doctor from the town of Chita and author of
On Drunkenness
: 115, 543

Alexeev, Vasily Ivanovich (1848–1919), teacher of the older Tolstoy children, 1877–81: 535, 577

“Alexei”, janitor at the Tolstoys' Yasnaya Polyana estate: 405, 415

Almazov, Alexei Ivanovich (1838–1900), Moscow doctor and psychiatrist, fellow thinker of Tolstoy's: 91, 266

Almedingen, Natalya Alexeevna (born 1883), editor of the children's educational journals
The Source, Education and Training
and
Little Sun
: 408, 439

Altschuler, Isaak Naumovich (1870–1943), Yalta doctor: 297, 300–1, 303–4, 307, 309, 312

Altschuler, Maria Abramovna (1868–1928), wife of I.N. Altschuler: 321

Alyosha Gorshkoi, Yasnaya Polyana peasant, guard on Tolstoy's estate: 21, 531

Amvrosy (Alexander Mikhailovich Grenkov “Father Ambrosius”) (1812–91), elder at the Optyna Pustyn Monastery: 119, 156, 578

Andreev, Leonid Nikolaevich (1871–1919), novelist: 457

Andreev, Vasily Vasilevich (1861–1918), musician, virtuoso balalaika player: 280

Annenkov, Konstantin Nikanorovich (1843–1910), lawyer and
zemstvo
activist: 117

Annenkova, Leonila Fominichna (1844–1912), wife of K.N. Annenkov: 96, 117, 204, 238, 266, 396, 548

Annenkovs, the: 263

Antony (born 1846), Metropolitan: 289, 312, 555

Arabazhin, K.I., author of articles about Tolstoy: 442, 567

Arbuzova, Maria Afanasyevna (died 1884), nurse of the older Tolstoy children: xv, 532

Arensky, Anton (Antony) Stepanovich (1861–1906), composer: 244, 318, 333

Arsenev, Alexei Alexandrovich (1850–1915), marshal of the nobility for the province of Tula: 90

Arseneva, Valeriya Vladimirovna (1836–1909), friend of Tolstoy's: 529

Aubert, Mlle, governess to the Tolstoy children: 190, 195, 227, 471

Auer, Leopold Semyonovich (1845–1930) violinist and conductor: 201

Auerbach, Sofia Pavlovna (née Berkhgolts) (born 1844): 434

Auerbach, Yulia Fedorovna (née Berkhgolts), headmistress of Tula secondary school for girls: 502

 

Bach, Johann Sebastian (1685–1750): 184, 186, 193, 198, 237, 246

Bannikov, Mitrofan Nikolaevich, mounted guard at the Tolstoys' Yasnaya Polyana estate: 534

Bannikov, Nikolai Dmitrievich, father of M.N. Bannikov: 576

Bannikova, Evdokiya Nikolaevna (“Dunyasha”), married name Orekhova: 531

Baranov, N.P., member of the Tula circuit court: 472

Baratynsky, Yevgeny Abramovich (1800–44), poet, ‘On Death': 323

Baryatinsky, Alexander Ivanovich (1815–79), field-marshal-general, in 1856 vice-regent of the Caucasus and commander of the troops there: 341

Baturin, Viktor Pavlovich (1863–1938), artist: 441, 558

Bazykina, Axinya Alexandrovna (née Annikanova) (1836–1919) Yasnaya Polyana peasant woman, Tolstoy's former mistress: 529, 532

Beethoven, Ludwig van (1770–1827): 50, 56, 71, 76, 95, 113, 163, 166, 173, 175, 184, 190, 193, 197–201, 203, 207, 216, 244, 269–70, 277, 335, 385, 387, 418, 440, 447, 463, 483

Behrs, Alexander Andreevich (“Sasha”) (1845–1918), brother of Sofia Tolstoy, officer: 128, 184, 221, 238, 245, 491, 514

Behrs, Andrei Evstafevich (1808–68), father of Sofia Tolstoy, doctor to the Royal Palace in Moscow: xiii

Behrs, Elizaveta (1843–1919), sister of Sofia Tolstoy: xiii

Behrs, Lyubov Alexandrovna (née Islavina) (1826–86), mother of Sofia Tolstoy: xiii

Behrs, Pyotr Andreevich (“Petya”) (1849–1910), brother of Sofia Tolstoy, writer: 30, 36, 514, 532

Behrs, Stepan Andreevch (“Styopa”) (1855–1909), brother of Sofia Tolstoy, lawyer: 46, 210, 213, 519, 535

Behrs, Tatyana Andreevna, see Kuzminskaya, Tatyana Andreevna

Behrs, Vladimir Andreevich (“Volodya”) (1853–74), brother of Sofia Tolstoy: 499, 500, 505–6, 513

Behrs, Vyacheslav Andreevich (1861–1907), brother of Sofia Tolstoy, engineer, murdered by terrorists: 103, 335, 348, 456, 515

Beketov, A.N.,
The Present and Future Nourishment of Man
: 92, 541

Belgard, Alexei Valerianovich, head of the Chief Office of Press Affairs: 430

Belinky, Samuil Moiseevich (1877–1966), typist: 421, 571

Belskaya, Maria Mikhailovna (married name Naryshkina), acquaintance of the Tolstoys: 223

Berger, Ivan Alexandrovich (1867–1916), steward at the Yasnaya Polyana estate in the 1800s and steward at the Ovsyannikovo from 1894: 84

Berkenheim, Grigory Moiseevich (1872–1919), Tolstoy's doctor: 419–20, 563

Bernstamm, Leopold (1859–1939), Russian sculptor and painter: 543

Bertenson, Lev Bernadovich (1850–1929), St Petersburg doctor: 304

Bessy Levina, Rozina (1880–1976), American pianist and teacher, graduated in 1898 from Moscow Conservatoire: 232

Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Vasily Nikolaevich (1835–1910), lieutenant-general, in charge of Tula ordnance factory: 117

Bibikov, Alexander Nikolaevich (1827–89), landowner in the province of Tula, owner of the Telyatinki estate: 32, 520, 530, 578

Bibikov, Alexei Alexeevich (1837–1914), until 1884 steward of Tolstoy's Samara estate: 51, 57, 172, 535

Bibikov, Vasily Nikolaevich (1837–99), Tula landowner, 167, 236–7,

Bibikova, Sofia Alexandrovna: 459, 462

Biryukov, Pavel Ivanovich (“Posha”) (1860–1931), friend and biographer of Tolstoy: 73, 77–9, 83–5, 88, 144, 153, 211, 275, 339, 345–6, 399, 421, 423, 435–6, 450–1, 456, 524, 538–9, 547, 549–50, 552, 557

Bochkaryov, Valentin Nikolaevich (1880–1967), historian: 449

Bogdanov, Nikolai Nikolaevich, secretary of the Tolstoy Society in Moscow (in 1911): 434, 568

Bogoyavlensky, Sergei Georgievich, Tula agronomist: 490

Boldyryova, Mary, see Cherkasskaya, Mary

Boldyryovs, the: 261

Bool, Klara Karlovna (born 1869), teacher, governess to A.N. Dunaev's children: 337

Boratynskaya, Elizaveta Sergeevna (née Sukhotina) (1851–1902), daughter of S.M. Sukhotin: 263

Borel, tutor of Andrei and Mikhail Tolstoy: 96, 130, 542

Boulanger, Pavel Alexandrovich (1865–1925), official on the Moscow-Kursk railway and fellow thinker of Tolstoy's: 172, 178, 183, 187, 275, 289, 298, 310, 321, 330, 459, 550, 554, 558

Bourget, Paul Charles Joseph (1852–1935), French writer, ‘Barricade'
Physiologie de l'amour moderne; Un cœur de femme:
97, 127–8, 541

Brashnin, Ivan Petrovich (1826–98), merchant and fellow thinker of Tolstoy's: 229

Bulakhov, Pyotr Alexeevich (“factory-worker”), peasant from Smolensk province, Old Believer: 224, 550

Bulgakov, Valentin Fyodorovich (1886–1966), Tolstoy's secretary in 1910: 359, 366, 380–2, 390, 392–3, 397, 401, 408–9, 419, 421, 434, 450–1, 453–4, 457–61, 463–4, 468–72, 475, 481, 486, 561, 563, 570–2, 574

Bulygin, Mikhail Vasilevich (1863–1943), owner of Khatunka farm in Krapivna district: 85, 287, 421–2, 458, 540

Burylin, Dmitry Gennadyevich (1854–1924), owner of a textile factory in Ivanovo-Voznesensk: 448

Butkevich, Anatoly Stepanovich (1869–1942), beekeeper, son of a Tula landowner: 72–3, 77, 120, 122–3

Butovich, Yakov Ivanovich: 486

Butyonev, Pavel Konstantinovich, student at Moscow University, friend of Mikhail Tolstoy: 186, 253, 263

Buyukli, Vsevolod Ivanovich (1873–1920/1), pianist: 335

 

Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881), Scottish philosopher: 361

Carpenter, Edward (1844–1929) English writer and socialist: 205, 216, 223, 552

Chaliapin, Fyodor Ivanovic (1873–1938), singer: 339, 553

Chefranov, Sergei Vasilevich, manager of “N.N. Kushneryov and Co.”, printworks: 424, 433

Chekan, chief doctor at Tula provincial hospital: 329

Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich (1860–1904), writer;
The Cherry Orchard
; ‘Darling' ‘The Butterfly'
The Seagull; The Screw
: 142, 262, 264, 303, 339, 389, 432, 556–7

Cherkasskaya, Mary, married name Boldyryova: 261, 342

Cherkasskaya, Princess: 261, 459

Cherkassky, Alexander Alexeevich (born 1873), Prince: 241

Cherkasskys, the: 261

Chertkov, Grigory Ivanovich, father of V.G. Chertkov: 109

Chertkov, Vladimir Grigorevich (1854–1936), friend and fellow thinker of Tolstoy's, and publisher of his works: viii–ix, xxvii–xxviii, 61–4, 68–70, 85, 109, 132, 139, 142, 153, 161, 178, 183–4, 219, 230, 243, 245–6, 248, 261, 275, 348–50, 352–392, 394, 408, 415, 417, 420, 423, 426–8, 437, 442, 446–7, 450–1, 453, 456, 463–464, 483, 538, 541, 543, 546–7, 549–50, 552–3, 557, 559–64, 569–71

Chertkov, Vladimir Vladimirovich (“Dima”) (1889–1964), son of V.G. Ghertkov: 350, 354–5, 372, 387, 459, 471

Chertkova, Anna Konstantinovna (“Galya”) (née Dieterichs) (1859–1927), wife of V.G. Chertkov: 261, 350, 408, 552

Chertkova, Elizaveta Ivanovna (née Chernysheva-Kruglikova), (1832–1922), mother of V.G. Chertkov: 109, 362, 369, 563

Chicherin, Boris Nikolaevich (1828–1904), professor of philosophy at Moscow University: 145, 204, 547

Chirikov, E.N.,
Life of Tarkhanov
(‘Youth, Banishment, Return'): 452, 463

Chirkin, S.V. (1875–1943), Russian Consul in India: 381, 560

Chopin, Frédéric (1810–49), Polish composer: 26, 91, 166, 173, 175, 194, 198, 217, 241, 244, 262, 264, 269, 319, 323, 334–5, 355, 366, 385, 387, 434, 469

Confucius (551–479
BC
), Chinese philosopher: 259

Comte, Auguste (1798–1857), French philosopher: 262

Crosby, Ernest (1856–1907), American writer: 553

 

Danilevskys, the: 174, 185–6, 208

Davydov, Nikolai Vasilevich (1848–1920), lawyer, president of the Tula, and later Moscow, circuit court: 87, 113, 117, 199, 263, 351, 366–7, 495, 537, 540, 575

Davydova, Ekaterina Mikhailovna, wife of N.V. Davydov: 278

Davydovs, the: 76, 80

Deirenfurt, Richard: 543

Delvig, Anton Alexandrovich (1861–1919), neighbour of Maria Nikolaevna Tolstoy: 49

Delvig, Baroness Khionia Alexandrovna (née Chapkina) (1840–1903), friend of the Tolstoys: 51

Delvig, Nadezhda Alexandrova (born 1863), sister of A.A. Delvig: 49

Delvig, Rossa Alexandrovna (born 1859), sister of A.A. and N.A. Delvig: 49, 51

Delvigs, the: 55

Dehn, Natalya Nikolaevna (née Filosofova) (1872–1926), sister of S.N. Tolstaya: 193–4, 248

Dehn, Vladimir Eduardovich (1867–1933), economic geographer and statistician, professor of political economy: 194

Denikin, Anton Ivanovich (1872–1947) tsarist general, a leader of the White Guards during the civil war of 1918–20: 492, 494–6, 575–6

Denisenko, Ivan Vasilevich (1851–1916): 496

Dickens, Charles (1812–70)
Great Expectations; Dombey and Son; The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit
: 53–4, 522

Dieterichs, Olga, Chertkov's sister-in-law: 241, 248, 261, 553, 559

Dillon, Emile Joseph (1854–1930), correspondent for the
Daily Telegraph
and translator of Tolstoy's works into English: 78, 546

Diogène, L.,
La Vie des plus illustres philosophes de l'antiquité
: 537

Dolgorukov, Pavel Dmitrievich (1866–1927) landowner and political figure; from 1905 a member of the Kadet Party: 322, 439, 446, 567, 577

Domna, cook from the village of Yasnaya Polyana: 332

Dondukova-Korsakova, Maria Mikhailovna (1828–1909): 314

Dosev, Khristo (1887–1919), Bulgarian writer: 460

Dostoevsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich (1821–81), writer,
The Brothers Karamazov; The Devils; The Idiot
: 340, 404, 461–2

Drankov, Alexander Osipovich (born 1880), founder and owner of a cinema: 395, 421

Dreyer, Rudolf Avgustovich (born 1856), Tula doctor: 295, 328

Dubensky, Ivan Ivanovich (1854–1917), chief doctor at Kaluga province hospital: 181, 291

Dudchenko, Mitrofan Semyonovich (1867–1946), fellow thinker of Tolstoy's: 119

Dumas, Alexandre (1802–70), French novelist: 53

Dunaev, Alexander Nikiforovich (1850–1920), one of the directors of the Moscow Trade Bank and fellow thinker of Tolstoy's: 91, 146, 153, 181, 183, 198–9, 210, 218, 221, 226, 246, 248, 266, 275, 278, 280, 288, 290, 308, 331, 429, 547–8

Dunaeva, Ekaterina Adolfovna (1851–1923), wife of A.N. Dunaev: 278

Dunaevs, the: 230

Durnovo, Ivan Nikolaevich (1834–1903), Minister of Internal Affairs from 1889 to 1895 (“the minister”): 138, 546

Duse, Eleonora (1858–1924), Italian dramatic actress: 106

Dyakov, Alexei Dmitrievich (“Alyosha”) (1878–1919), friend of the Tolstoys' sons: 291

Dyakov, Dmitry Alexeevich (1823–91), landowner, friend of Tolstoy: 26, 114, 532

Dyakov, Dmitry Dmitrievich (“Mitya”) (1880–1943), son of D.A. Dyakov, friend of the Tolstoys' sons: 178, 180, 185–6, 208