The Egypt Code (57 page)
Authors: Robert Bauval
5
H. Frankfort,
Kingship and the Gods
(Chicago, 1948), p. 80.
H. Frankfort,
Kingship and the Gods
(Chicago, 1948), p. 80.
6
Ibid., p. 84.
Ibid., p. 84.
7
Ibid., p. 85.
Ibid., p. 85.
8
Firth and Quibell, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 11. Frankfort, op. cit., p. 80, states just the reverse.
Firth and Quibell, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 11. Frankfort, op. cit., p. 80, states just the reverse.
9
Alan Gardiner, ‘Horus the Behdetite’,
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
, Vol. 30, 1944, p. 27.
Alan Gardiner, ‘Horus the Behdetite’,
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
, Vol. 30, 1944, p. 27.
10
Ibid., p. 28, note 1.
Ibid., p. 28, note 1.
11
Firth and Quibell, op. cit., Vol. I, p. iii.
Firth and Quibell, op. cit., Vol. I, p. iii.
12
Ibid., Vol. I, p. 23.
Ibid., Vol. I, p. 23.
13
Barry J. Kemp,
Ancient Egypt, Anatomy of a Civilization (
London, 1991), p. 100. This is an excellent dicussion of the ideal type in Egyptian architecture.
Barry J. Kemp,
Ancient Egypt, Anatomy of a Civilization (
London, 1991), p. 100. This is an excellent dicussion of the ideal type in Egyptian architecture.
14
E. Uphill, ‘The Egyptian Sed-festival Rites’,
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
, Vol. 24, 1965.
E. Uphill, ‘The Egyptian Sed-festival Rites’,
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
, Vol. 24, 1965.
15
J. Wilson, ‘Illuminating the Thrones at the Egyptian Jubilee’,
Journal of the American Oriental Society
, Vol. 56, 1936, pp. 293 ff.
J. Wilson, ‘Illuminating the Thrones at the Egyptian Jubilee’,
Journal of the American Oriental Society
, Vol. 56, 1936, pp. 293 ff.
16
Kemp, op. cit., p. 97.
Kemp, op. cit., p. 97.
17
Firth and Quibell, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 69.
Firth and Quibell, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 69.
18
Ibid., Vol. II, pl. 15.
Ibid., Vol. II, pl. 15.
19
Wilson, op. cit., p. 378.
Wilson, op. cit., p. 378.
20
Ibid., p. 377.
Ibid., p. 377.
21
Ibid., p. 379.
Ibid., p. 379.
22
Frankfort, op. cit., p. 92.
Frankfort, op. cit., p. 92.
23
Ibid, pp. 364-5, n. 49.
Ibid, pp. 364-5, n. 49.
24
A.M. Roth, ‘The Pss-Kf and the “Opening of the Mouth” Ceremony: A Ritual of Birth and Rebirth’,
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
, Vol. 78, 1992, pp. 113-47.
A.M. Roth, ‘The Pss-Kf and the “Opening of the Mouth” Ceremony: A Ritual of Birth and Rebirth’,
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
, Vol. 78, 1992, pp. 113-47.
25
Ibid., p. 124.
Ibid., p. 124.
26
W.J. Murnane, ‘Servant, Seer, Saint, Son of Hapu; Amenhotep, Called Huy’,
KTM
, Vol. 2:2, Summer 1991, p. 11.
W.J. Murnane, ‘Servant, Seer, Saint, Son of Hapu; Amenhotep, Called Huy’,
KTM
, Vol. 2:2, Summer 1991, p. 11.
27
Ibid., p. 13.
Ibid., p. 13.
28
W.R. Johnson, ‘The Dazzling Sun Disk: Iconography Evidence that Amenhotep III reigned as the Aten Personified’,
KMT
, Vol. 2:2, Summer 1991, p. 22.
W.R. Johnson, ‘The Dazzling Sun Disk: Iconography Evidence that Amenhotep III reigned as the Aten Personified’,
KMT
, Vol. 2:2, Summer 1991, p. 22.
29
Ibid., p. 60.
Ibid., p. 60.
30
W.E.A. Budge,
The Book of Opening the Mouth
, London, 1909, p. 31.
W.E.A. Budge,
The Book of Opening the Mouth
, London, 1909, p. 31.
31
Firth and Quibell, Vol. I, p. 58.
Firth and Quibell, Vol. I, p. 58.
32
A.J. Spencer, ‘Two Enigmatic Hieroglyphs and Their Relation to the Sedfestival’,
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
, Vol. 64, 1978, p. 55.
A.J. Spencer, ‘Two Enigmatic Hieroglyphs and Their Relation to the Sedfestival’,
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
, Vol. 64, 1978, p. 55.
33
Raymond O. Faulkner, ‘The King and the Star-Religion in the Pyramid Texts’,
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
, Vol. 25, 1966, p. 160.
Raymond O. Faulkner, ‘The King and the Star-Religion in the Pyramid Texts’,
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
, Vol. 25, 1966, p. 160.
34
Alan Gardiner, ‘Review of J. Fraser’s
The Golden Bough
’,
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
, Vol. 2, 1915, pp. 121-6.
Alan Gardiner, ‘Review of J. Fraser’s
The Golden Bough
’,
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
, Vol. 2, 1915, pp. 121-6.
35
Frankfort, op. cit., p. 86.
Frankfort, op. cit., p. 86.
36
A. Piankoff,
The Pyramid of Unas
(Princeton, 1969), pp. 4-5.
A. Piankoff,
The Pyramid of Unas
(Princeton, 1969), pp. 4-5.
Appendix 4: The Cosmic Order, the Egyptian Calendar and Christianity
1
Ahmed Osman,
Moses and Akhenaten
, Bear Publications Inc. New York, 2004. See also Timothy Freke and Peter Gandy,
The Laughing Jesus
, Harmony Books Inc, New York, 2005.
Ahmed Osman,
Moses and Akhenaten
, Bear Publications Inc. New York, 2004. See also Timothy Freke and Peter Gandy,
The Laughing Jesus
, Harmony Books Inc, New York, 2005.
2
Timothy Freke and Peter Gandy,
The Jesus Mysteries: Was the original Jesus a pagan god?
, Harmony Books Inc., New York, 1999.
Timothy Freke and Peter Gandy,
The Jesus Mysteries: Was the original Jesus a pagan god?
, Harmony Books Inc., New York, 1999.
3
Richard A. Parker,
The Calendar of Ancient Egypt
, Chicago, 1950, p. 56.
Richard A. Parker,
The Calendar of Ancient Egypt
, Chicago, 1950, p. 56.
4
Belmonte, op. cit., p. 9.
Belmonte, op. cit., p. 9.
5
Duncan, op. cit., 1999.
Duncan, op. cit., 1999.
6
Calculations for the Gregorian calendar were based on the assumption that the year was 365.2425 days, which is the same as 365 97/400. The rule is that 1 day is added every 4 years as in the Julian calendar, but that leap years are omitted in years that are divisible by 100 but not by 400. In fact, however, the exact solar/tropical year has 365.2422 days, a little less than the assumed value for the Gregorian calendar. This means that every 3,300 years the Gregorian calendar will shift one day in relation to the true solar/tropical year.
Calculations for the Gregorian calendar were based on the assumption that the year was 365.2425 days, which is the same as 365 97/400. The rule is that 1 day is added every 4 years as in the Julian calendar, but that leap years are omitted in years that are divisible by 100 but not by 400. In fact, however, the exact solar/tropical year has 365.2422 days, a little less than the assumed value for the Gregorian calendar. This means that every 3,300 years the Gregorian calendar will shift one day in relation to the true solar/tropical year.
7
Anthony J. Spalinger,
Revolutions in Time: Studies in Ancient Egyptian Calendrics
, Van Siclen Books, 1994, p. 51
Anthony J. Spalinger,
Revolutions in Time: Studies in Ancient Egyptian Calendrics
, Van Siclen Books, 1994, p. 51
8
Robert Bauval and Graham Hancock,
Talisman
, Penguin, 2005, p. 119.
Robert Bauval and Graham Hancock,
Talisman
, Penguin, 2005, p. 119.
Appendix 5: The Death of the Living God
1
This term means the ritual killing of a king. (Margaret Murray,
The Splendour that was Egypt
, Sidgwick and Jackson, 1954, pp. 164-5. See also G.A. Wainwright,
The Sky-Religion in Egypt
, op. cit.).
This term means the ritual killing of a king. (Margaret Murray,
The Splendour that was Egypt
, Sidgwick and Jackson, 1954, pp. 164-5. See also G.A. Wainwright,
The Sky-Religion in Egypt
, op. cit.).
2
Timothy Freke and Peter Gandi,
The Jesus Mysteries
, Harmony Books Inc., New York, 1999.
Timothy Freke and Peter Gandi,
The Jesus Mysteries
, Harmony Books Inc., New York, 1999.
3
Sir James Fraser.
The Golden Bough
, 1922, Chapter 24, ‘The Killing of the Divine King’, pp. 264-82.
Sir James Fraser.
The Golden Bough
, 1922, Chapter 24, ‘The Killing of the Divine King’, pp. 264-82.
4
Ibid., pp. 266-75.
Ibid., pp. 266-75.
5
Ibid., p. 266.
Ibid., p. 266.
6
Ibid., p. 274.
Ibid., p. 274.
7
Ibid., p. 279.
Ibid., p. 279.
8
Ibid.
Ibid.
9
Ibid., p. 280.
Ibid., p. 280.
10
Wainwright, op. cit., pp. 14-18.
Wainwright, op. cit., pp. 14-18.
11
G.A. Wainwright, ‘Seshat and the Pharaohs’, op. cit., pp. 30-40.
G.A. Wainwright, ‘Seshat and the Pharaohs’, op. cit., pp. 30-40.
12
Ibid., pp. 21-3.
Ibid., pp. 21-3.
13
E. Uphill, ‘The Egyptian Sed Festival Rites’,
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
, Vol. 24, 1965, pp. 365-83. For illustrations see Mirolav Verner,
Abusir, The Realm of Osiris,
The American University in Cairo Press, New York, 2002, p. 83.
E. Uphill, ‘The Egyptian Sed Festival Rites’,
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
, Vol. 24, 1965, pp. 365-83. For illustrations see Mirolav Verner,
Abusir, The Realm of Osiris,
The American University in Cairo Press, New York, 2002, p. 83.
14
Wainwright,
The Sky Religion
, op. cit., pp. 24-5.
Wainwright,
The Sky Religion
, op. cit., pp. 24-5.
15
The so-called Sun-King of France Louis XIV apparently at least during one stage of his life was woken up at sunrise.
The so-called Sun-King of France Louis XIV apparently at least during one stage of his life was woken up at sunrise.
16
Diodorus Siculus,
Bibliotheca Historica
, Vol. I, pp. 70, 71. Wainwright, op. cit., pp. 25-6.
Diodorus Siculus,
Bibliotheca Historica
, Vol. I, pp. 70, 71. Wainwright, op. cit., pp. 25-6.
17
Wainwright, op. cit., p. 26.
Wainwright, op. cit., p. 26.
18
Joseph Campbell,
Primitive Mythology,
Penguin, 1959, pp. 151-66. Diodorus,
Biblioteca Historica
, Vol. 3, pp. 5-6.
Joseph Campbell,
Primitive Mythology,
Penguin, 1959, pp. 151-66. Diodorus,
Biblioteca Historica
, Vol. 3, pp. 5-6.
19
Wainwright, ‘Seshat and the Pharaohs’, op. cit., p. 31.
Wainwright, ‘Seshat and the Pharaohs’, op. cit., p. 31.
20
George Hart,
A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses
, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1986, p. 214.
George Hart,
A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses
, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1986, p. 214.
21
Jane B. Sellers,
The Death of Gods in Ancient Egypt
, Penguin, 1992, pp. 285-6.
Jane B. Sellers,
The Death of Gods in Ancient Egypt
, Penguin, 1992, pp. 285-6.
22
Krupp, op. cit., pp. 25-6.
Krupp, op. cit., pp. 25-6.
23
Ibid., p. 6.
Ibid., p. 6.
24
Hart, op. cit., p. 28.
Hart, op. cit., p. 28.
25
Ibid., pp. 29-30.
Ibid., pp. 29-30.
26
Herodotus,
Histories
Vol. III, p. 28.
Herodotus,
Histories
Vol. III, p. 28.
27
Plutarch,
De Iside et Osiride,
Chapter 43.
Plutarch,
De Iside et Osiride,
Chapter 43.
28
Quoted in Lewis Spence,
Myths & Legends: Egypt
, Dover Publications, New York, 1990, p. 285.
Quoted in Lewis Spence,
Myths & Legends: Egypt
, Dover Publications, New York, 1990, p. 285.
29
Wallis Budge,
The Gods of the Egyptians
, Vol. II, Dover Publications, New York 1969, p. 350.
Wallis Budge,
The Gods of the Egyptians
, Vol. II, Dover Publications, New York 1969, p. 350.
30
Ibid., p. 29.
Ibid., p. 29.
31
Sellers, op. cit. p. 292. Many of the sarcophagi of early royal tombs were found ‘empty’ viz. those of Djoser, Hetepheres I and other Old Kingdom royals. Also early rulers were ‘buried’ in two places, one being Abydos in the south, and the other being Saqqara in the north, one of the tombs being a ‘cenotaph’ or symbolic tomb.
Sellers, op. cit. p. 292. Many of the sarcophagi of early royal tombs were found ‘empty’ viz. those of Djoser, Hetepheres I and other Old Kingdom royals. Also early rulers were ‘buried’ in two places, one being Abydos in the south, and the other being Saqqara in the north, one of the tombs being a ‘cenotaph’ or symbolic tomb.
32
Wallis Budge, op. cit., p. 349.
Wallis Budge, op. cit., p. 349.
33
Ibid., p. 347.
Ibid., p. 347.
34
Miriam Lichtheim,
Ancient Egyptian Literature
, Vol. I, University of California Press, 1975, p. 53.
Miriam Lichtheim,
Ancient Egyptian Literature
, Vol. I, University of California Press, 1975, p. 53.
35
Wilkinson, op. cit., p. 120-1.
Wilkinson, op. cit., p. 120-1.
36
Ibid., p. 121.
Ibid., p. 121.
37
Hart, op. cit., p. 29.
Hart, op. cit., p. 29.
38
Wainwright, op. cit., pp. 30-40.
Wainwright, op. cit., pp. 30-40.
39
Pyramid Texts, 616.
Pyramid Texts, 616.
40
Pyramid Texts, 615-21.
Pyramid Texts, 615-21.
41
E.A. Wallis Budge,
Egyptian Religion
, Barnes and Noble Books, New York, 1994, pp. 101-2.
E.A. Wallis Budge,
Egyptian Religion
, Barnes and Noble Books, New York, 1994, pp. 101-2.
42
Murray, op. cit.
Murray, op. cit.
43
Ibid., p. 164.
Ibid., p. 164.
44
Ibid. pp. 168-9.
Ibid. pp. 168-9.
45
Ibid., p. 171, 173. Murray spells Seth as ‘Setekh’.
Ibid., p. 171, 173. Murray spells Seth as ‘Setekh’.
46
A well-preserved scene showing Seshat and Thoth recording the life period in the Tree of Life can be seen at the Temple of Edfu on the upper part of the ceiling of one of the rooms in the north-east part of the temple.
A well-preserved scene showing Seshat and Thoth recording the life period in the Tree of Life can be seen at the Temple of Edfu on the upper part of the ceiling of one of the rooms in the north-east part of the temple.
47
Murray, op. cit., p. 179.
Murray, op. cit., p. 179.
48
Wallis Budge,
The Gods of the Egyptians
, Vol. II, op. cit., p. 250.
Wallis Budge,
The Gods of the Egyptians
, Vol. II, op. cit., p. 250.
49
Wainwright,
The Sky Religion
, op. cit., p. 4.
Wainwright,
The Sky Religion
, op. cit., p. 4.
50
Ibid., p. 9.
Ibid., p. 9.
51
Pyramid Texts, 1,453-6.
Pyramid Texts, 1,453-6.
52
Pyramid Texts, 1,464-5.
Pyramid Texts, 1,464-5.
53
Pyramid Texts, 1,472-7.
Pyramid Texts, 1,472-7.
54
Pyramid Texts, 1,480-2.
Pyramid Texts, 1,480-2.
55
Henri Frankfort,
Kingship and the Gods
, University of Chicago Press, 1978, ed., p. 79.
Henri Frankfort,
Kingship and the Gods
, University of Chicago Press, 1978, ed., p. 79.
Appendix 6: The Cattle People and the Stars
1
“The word
Hwt
(‘Hat’)… was used in the New Kingdom with the meaning ‘Temple’” Jaroslav Cerny, ‘
The Temple as an abtriviated name for the Temple of Medinet Habu’
in JEA 26, 1940, p. 127.
“The word
Hwt
(‘Hat’)… was used in the New Kingdom with the meaning ‘Temple’” Jaroslav Cerny, ‘
The Temple as an abtriviated name for the Temple of Medinet Habu’
in JEA 26, 1940, p. 127.
2
Krupp
Echoes of Ancient Skies
, op. cit. p. 258.
Krupp
Echoes of Ancient Skies
, op. cit. p. 258.
3
Baines & Malek,
Atlas of Ancient Egypt
, op. cit. p. 112.
Baines & Malek,
Atlas of Ancient Egypt
, op. cit. p. 112.
4
For a full discussion on the ‘Followers of Horus’ see Bauval & Hancock,
The Message of the Sphinx
, Three Rivers Press, 1996.
For a full discussion on the ‘Followers of Horus’ see Bauval & Hancock,
The Message of the Sphinx
, Three Rivers Press, 1996.
5
H. Brugsch,
Egypt
, 1891 ed. p.189 quoted by Lockyer,
The Dawn of Astronomy
, op. cit. pp. 204-5.
H. Brugsch,
Egypt
, 1891 ed. p.189 quoted by Lockyer,
The Dawn of Astronomy
, op. cit. pp. 204-5.
6
A. Mariette,
Denderah vol. I
, p. 142 & p. 263.
A. Mariette,
Denderah vol. I
, p. 142 & p. 263.
Index
ABC Network
Abu Simbel
Abydos
Académie Française,
Air-shafts (see also Star-shafts)
Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV)
Akhet
Akhet-Aten (see also Tell El Amarna)
Al Kaid
Al Minya
Aldred, Cyril
Alexandria
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