The End of Diabetes (28 page)

split peas: Dr. Fuhrman's Famous Anticancer Soup, 227; GL of, 103; resistant starch of, 99

sprouts, 126

squash: butternut, 51, 103, 246; GL of, 103; Roasted Vegetable Salad with Baked Tofu or Salmon, 246; yellow, 246

starchy foods: general guidelines on eating, 137; health issues of, 91–92; white wheat products, 93–94.
See also
resistant starch

Starlix (nateglinide), 180

steamed artichokes, 137

strawberries: ANDI score of, 49; GI and GL of, 51; high pesticide content of, 204; organic, 140; Strawberry Pineapple Sorbet, 257

strength-building exercise, 165

string beans, 126

sugar-free products, 93

sugars (simple), 93

sulfonylurea drugs, 2, 32, 33

sunflower seeds: protein content of, 132; Russian Fig Dressing/Dip, 223; Simple Bean Burgers, 249

supplements/multivitamins: alpha lipoic acid, 149; calcium, 147; chromium, 151–52; folate and folic acid, 144–45, 146; glucose-lowering plants and herbs, 149–50; iron, copper, and selenium, 146–47; omega-3 (EPA and DHA), 76, 118, 148; plant sterols and pomegranate extracts, 150–51; thiamine (vitamin B
1
), 148–49; vitamin A, 145–46; vitamin D, 127, 147.
See also
medications

sweetened drinks, 138

sweet potatoes: GI and GL of, 51; low pesticide content of, 204

Swiss chard: Great Greens, 240; Swiss Chard with Garlic and Lemon, 251

systolic blood pressure, 5

Thai Vegetable Curry, 252

thiamine (vitamin B
1
), 148–49

thiazolidinediones, 32

tofu: Asparagus Polonaise, 234; The Big Veggie Stir-Fry, 235; Easy Bean and Vegetable Chili, 238; protein content of, 86, 132; Roasted Vegetable Salad with Baked Tofu or Salmon, 246; Thai Vegetable Curry, 252; Tofu Ranch Dressing/Dip, 225

tomatoes: Almond Tomato Sauce, 225; ANDI score of, 49; Easy Bean and Vegetable Chili, 238; Eggplant Roll Ups, 239; Fast Mexican Black Bean Soup, 228; French Lentil Soup, 229; Fresh Tomato Salsa, 221; Garbanzo Guacamole, 221; GI and GL of, 51; Mediterranean Bean and Kale Sauté, 242; Quick and Creamy Vegetable Bean Soup, 232; Ratatouille, 245; as recommended salad vegetable, 126; Savory Portobello Mushrooms with Chickpeas, 248; Southern-Style Mixed Greens, 250; Speedy Vegetable Wrap, 251; Tomato Bisque, 233; “unlimited food” status of, 125; Vegetable Burrito, 253

toxic hunger: better eating to break cycle of, 59; causes of, 57, 58; how healthy eating breaks cycle of, 63–64; typical symptoms of, 58

toxins: acrylamides, 50; agaritine (raw mushrooms), 126; how low-nutrient foods build up more, 62–63; how obesity build up extra, 62–63; phytonutrients role in removing, 50, 57, 61; removal of body's waste products and, 61–62

trans fats, 28, 46

triglycerides, 118

true hunger: causes of, 57–58; how exercise helps you to achieve, 162–63; postprandial glucose role in, 60; restoring healthy eating and, 63–64; typical symptoms of, 58; waiting to eat when experiencing, 142–44

type 1 diabetes: body's inability to produce insulin with, 11; Eat to Live diet benefits for, 12–13, 14, 16; long-term outlook with conventional care, 13–14; quality of life benefits of controlling, 6; understanding the cause, process, and treatment of, 11–16; weight loss as best treatment for, 3.
See also
diabetes mellitus; insulin-dependent diabetes

type 2 diabetes: ADA diet approach to managing, 21–23; ADA and European Association for the Study of Diabetes consensus statement (2009) on, 170–71; decreasing insulin and other medications for, 31–34; dramatic increase of, 2, 16–17; fish consumption association with, 76; health benefits of well-managed, 6, 20–21; how the nutritarian diet can control, 5; incorrect ADA statements about, 36–37; insulin produced in case of, 10–11; insulin resistance condition of, 27; need to emphasize prevention of, 9–10; obesity factor in onset of, 2, 17–19; racial/ethnic differences in, 17; studies on nut and seed consumption for reversal of, 114–17; understanding cause and prevalence of, 16–20, 26–28; weight loss as best treatment for, 3.
See also
diabetes mellitus

UnitedHealth Group, 9

The United States of Diabetes: Challenges and Opportunities in the Decade Ahead
report (2010), 9

vegan diet: description of, 81–82; menu/eating plan guidelines, 209; study on health benefits of low-fat, 115

“vegejunkarian,” 67

vegetables: advantages of going vegan or close to vegan, 81–82; cruciferous, 127–29; general guidelines on eating starchy, 137; heart disease and green, 129–32; organic, 140, 203–4; protein from, 79–81; recommended salad vegetable, 126; salad as main dish, 125–27; sauce recipes for cooked, 225–26; “unlimited food” status of all cooked green, 124; “unlimited food” status of all raw, 124.
See also
foods;
specific vegetables

vitamin A, 145–46

vitamin B
1
(thiamine), 148–49

vitamin C, 128

vitamin D, 127, 147

vitamin E, 128

walking exercise, 164, 165, 166

walnuts: ANDI score of, 49; Banana Walnut Ice Cream, 255; Creamy Blueberry Dressing, 220; ellagitannins absorbed from, 111–12

waste products: normal redox state to remove, 61–62; phytonutrients role in detoxifying, 50, 57, 61; renal detoxification system to remove, 62

water chestnuts, 126

watercress: ANDI score of, 49; Thai Vegetable Curry, 252

water drinking, 138

watermelon, 51

water-sautéing technique, 140

Week 1 menus, 210–13

Week 2 menus, 213–16

weight-bearing exercises, 165

weight loss: as best treatment for diabetes, 3; eating green vegetables for, 130–31; gastric bypass surgery and lapband procedures for, 30; how necessary is exercise for, 166–67; introducing H=N/C nutritional plan for, 3; low body-fat percentage goal of, 173; as only one feature of improving health, 35; studies on nut and seed consumption for, 114–17.
See also
obesity;
specific personal stories

white bread: ANDI score of, 49; GL of, 103; nutritarian diet disallowance of, 138–39

white pasta: ANDI score of, 49; GI and GL of, 51; GL of, 103; nutritarian diet disallowance of, 138–39; resistant starch of, 99

white potatoes: ANDI score of, 49; GI and GL of baked, 51; GL of, 103; nutritarian diet disallowance of, 138–39

white rice: GI of, 51; GL of, 51, 103; resistant starch of, 99

white wheat products, 93–94

whole wheat bread: ANDI score of, 49; protein content of, 86; Speedy Vegetable Wrap, 251

whole wheat flour: GL of, 103; resistant starch of, 99; Saucy Lentil Loaf, 247–48

withdrawal symptoms: nicotine or caffeine, 59; of toxic hunger, 58

yellow squash, 246

zeaxanthin, 130

zinc, 127

Zone Diet, 50

zucchini: The Big Veggie Stir-Fry, 235; Dr. Fuhrman's Famous Anticancer Soup, 227; Easy Bean and Vegetable Chili, 238; French Lentil Soup, 229; Garlicky Zucchini, 240; Ratatouille, 245; as recommended salad vegetable, 126

Recipe Index

Breakfast

Blue Apple Nut Oatmeal

Quick Banana Oat Breakfast to Go

Soaked Oats and Blueberries

Tropical Fruit Salad

 

Green Smoothies

Blended Mango Salad

Green Gorilla Blended Salad

 

Dips, Dressings, and Sauces

Caesar Salad Dressing/Dip

Creamy Blueberry Dressing

Fresh Tomato Salsa

Garbanzo Guacamole

Green Velvet Dressing/Dip

Herbed White Bean Hummus

Island Black Bean Dip

Russian Fig Dressing/Dip

Thousand Island Dressing

Tofu Ranch Dressing/Dip

Almond Tomato Sauce

Red Lentil Sauce

Sesame Ginger Sauce

 

Soups

Dr. Fuhrman's Famous Anticancer Soup

Fast Mexican Black Bean Soup

French Lentil Soup

Golden Austrian Cauliflower Cream Soup

Mushroom Soup Provencal

Quick and Creamy Vegetable Bean Soup

Tomato Bisque

 

Main Dishes

Asparagus Polonaise

The Big Veggie Stir-Fry

Black Bean Lettuce Bundles

Braised Baby Bok Choy

California Creamed Kale

Cauliflower, Spinach Mashed “Potatoes”

Easy Bean and Vegetable Chili

Eggplant Roll Ups

Garlicky Zucchini

Great Greens

Herbed Barley and Lentils

Mediterranean Bean and Kale Sauté

No-Meat Balls

Pistachio-Crusted Tempeh with Balsamic Marinade and Shiitake Mushrooms

Ratatouille

Roasted Vegetable Salad with Baked Tofu or Salmon

Saucy Lentil Loaf

Savory Portobello Mushrooms with Chickpeas

Simple Bean Burgers

Southern-Style Mixed Greens

Speedy Vegetable Wrap

Swiss Chard with Garlic and Lemon

Thai Vegetable Curry

Vegetable Burrito

Yum Good Beans

 

Desserts

Banana Walnut Ice Cream

Blueberry Cobbler

Cantaloupe Slush

Mango Coconut Sorbet

Peach Sorbet

Poached Pears with Raspberry Sauce

Strawberry Pineapple Sorbet

Acknowledgments

I am grateful for my loving family, my wife Lisa and our three daughters Talia, Jenna, and Cara and our son Sean—and their understanding during my bouts of extreme work hours, especially when completing a book such as this. I appreciate their enthusiasm and support of what I do to help others in need.

I would like to thank my entire team at DrFuhrman.com, whose work is not merely a job but a passion supporting a mission of caring, enabling so many to improve their health. For this book specifically, thanks to Linda Popescu, RD, our food scientist, who assists me with nutritional calculations and scoring, and who helped me choose and tweak the recipes, and Deana Ferreri, Ph.D., our cardiovascular nutrition scientist who aids me in compiling and comparing research articles and their findings.

I would also like to acknowledge the publishing team at HarperOne, whose professionalism and expertise has enabled the broad distribution of this information, especially Gideon Weil, who had a vision and unwavering enthusiasm for the value of my writings to humanity. Additional thanks for the expert production management of Lisa Zuniga, and Melinda Mullin the director of publicity, for her great efforts.

I would like to express my appreciation for the hundreds of progressive medical doctors who have started using my works in their medical practices. I appreciate their openness to learn something not taught in medical school and strong desire to do what is best for their patients.
I am extremely moved when they excitedly contact me about the successes they've had with their patients.

About the Author

JOEL FUHRMAN, M.D.,
is a board-certified family physician and nutritional researcher who specializes in preventing and reversing disease through nutritional and natural methods. He is the author of several books, including the
New York Times bestsellers Eat to Live: The Amazing Nutrient-Rich Program for Fast and Sustained Weight Loss and Super Immunity.
He is a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and the research director of the Nutritional Research Foundation. Dr. Fuhrman is also on the science advisory board of Whole Foods Market.

 

Visit
www.AuthorTracker.com
for exclusive information on your favorite HarperCollins authors.

ALSO BY JOEL FUHRMAN, M.D.

Super Immunity

Eat to Live

Eat for Health

Disease-Proof Your Child

Fasting and Eating for Health

Notes

Introduction: A Letter of Hope

1.
Dunaief D, Fuhrman J, Dunaief J, Ying G. Glycemic and cardiovascular parameters improved in type 2 diabetes with the high nutrient density (HND) diet. Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2012; 2: 364–71. doi: 10.4236/ojpm.2012.23053.

 

Chapter 1: The First Step—Understanding Diabetes

1.
Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97(22): 1679–87.

2.
Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S in 2007. Diabetes Care 2008; 31(3): 596–615.

3.
The United States of Diabetes: Challenges and opportunities in the decade ahead. United Health Center for Health Reform and Modernization. Working Paper 5, Nov 2010. http://www.unitedhealthgroup.com/hrm/UNH_WorkingPaper5.pdf.

4.
Type 2 diabetes—time to change our approach. Lancet 2010; 375(9733): 2193.

5.
Zoler ML. Insulin may boost cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes patients. Family Practice News May 15, 2001: 6.

6.
Madonna R, et al. Insulin enhances vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human cultured endothelial cells through a pro-atherogenic pathway mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein-kinase. Diabetologia 2004; 47: 532–6. Taegtmeyer H. Insulin resistance and atherosclerosis, common roots for two common diseases? Circulation 1996; 93: 177.

7.
Experts call for further research into the relationship between insulin therapy and cancer. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-03/w-ecf030210 .php. Pollak M, Russell-Jones D. Insulin analogues and cancer risk: cause for concern or cause célèbre? Int J Clin Pract 2010 Apr; 64(5): 628–36.

8.
Akbaraly TN, Kivimäki M, Brunner EJ, et al. Association between metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms in middle-aged adults. Diabetes Care 2009; 32(3): 499–504. Harish K, Dharmalingam M, Himanshu M. Study protocol: insulin and its role in cancer. BMC Endocr Disord 2007; 7: 10.

9.
Laitinen JH, Ahola IE, Sarkkinen ES, et al. Impact of intensified dietary therapy on energy and nutrient intakes and fatty acid composition of serum lipids in patients with recently diagnosed noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Diet Assoc 1993; 93: 276–83. Eilat-Adar S, Xu J, Zephier E, et al. Adherence to dietary recommendations for saturated fat, fiber, and sodium is low in American Indians and other U.S. adults with diabetes. J Nutr 2008; 138(9): 1699–704.

 

Chapter 2: Don't Medicate, Eradicate

1.
Monash University. Critical link between obesity and diabetes discovered. Science Daily 9 July 2009. 16 August 2009 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090708090917.htm.

2.
Yang Q, Graham TE, Mody N, et al. Serum retinol binding protein 4 contributes to insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nature 2005; 436(7049): 356–62.

3.
Risérus U, Willett WC, Hu FB. Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes. Prog Lipid Res 2009; 48(1): 44–51.

4.
Williamson DF, Thompson TJ, Thun M, et al. Intentional weight loss and mortality among overweight individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23(10): 1499–1504.

5.
Carter P, Gray LJ, Troughton J, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2010; 341: c4229.

6.
Ruige JB, Mertens I, Considine RV, et al. Opposite effects of insulin-like molecules and leptin in coronary heart disease of type 2 diabetes preliminary data. Int J Cardiol 2006 Jul 28; 111(1): 19–25.

7.
Zoler ML. Insulin may boost cardiovascular risk in type II diabetes patients. Family Practice News May 15, 2001: 6. Cao W, Ning J, Yang X, Liu Z. Excess exposure to insulin is the primary cause of insulin resistance and its associated atherosclerosis. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2011 Nov; 4(3): 154–66.

8.
Harish K, Dharmalingam M, Himanshu M. Study protocol: insulin and its role in cancer. BMC Endocr Disord 2007; 7: 10. Bowker SL, Majumdar SR, Veugelers P, Johnson JA. Increased cancer-related mortality for patients with type 2 diabetes who use sulfonylureas or insulin. Diabetes Care 2006; 29(2): 254–8.

9.
Tzoulaki I, Molokhia M, Curcin V, et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes prescribed oral antidiabetes drugs: retrospective cohort study using UK general practice research database. BMJ 2009; 339: b4731.

10.
Jancin B. Sulphonylureas may cause increased mortality risk. Family Practice News Aug 2012; 34.

11.
Schauer PR, Burguera B, Ikramuddin S, et al. Effect of laparoscopic Roux-en Y gastric bypass on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg 2003; 238(4): 467–84; discussion 84–85.

12.
Harder H, Dinesen B, Astrup A. The effect of a rapid weight loss on lipid profile and glycemic control in obese type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28(1): 180–2.

 

Chapter 3: Standard American Diet Versus a Nutritarian Diet

1.
Kanauchi M, Tsujimoto N, Hashimoto T, et al. Advanced glycation end products in non-diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Diabetes Care 2001; 24(9): 1620–3. Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Sebekova K, Schinzel R, et al. Advanced glycation end products and nutrition. Physiol Res 2002; 51: 313–6.

2.
Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, Brewer HB Jr, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004; 110: 227–39. American Dietetic Association. Hyperlipidemia Medical Nutrition Therapy Protocol. Chicago: American Dietetic Association, 2001. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Behavioral counseling in primary care to promote a healthy diet: recommendations and rationale. Am J Prev Med 2003; 24: 93–100.

3.
Atkinson FS, Foster-Powell K, Brand-Miller JC. International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2008. Diabetes Care 2008 Dec; 31(12): 2281–3.

4.
Raben A. Should obese patients be counseled to follow a low-glycaemic index diet? No. Obes Rev 2002 Nov; 3(4): 245–56.

5.
Raatz SK, Torkelson CJ, Redmon JB, et al. Reduced glycemic index and glycemic load diets do not increase the effects of energy restriction on weight loss and insulin sensitivity in obese men and women. J Nutr 2005 Oct; 135(10): 2387–91.

6.
Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Popovich DG, et al. Effect of a very-high-fiber vegetable, fruit, and nut diet on serum lipids and colonic function. Metabolism 2001; 50(4): 494–503.

 

Chapter 4: Reversing Diabetes Is All About Understanding Hunger

1.
Vives-Bauza C, Anand M, Shirazi AK, et al. The age lipid A2E and mitochondrial dysfunction synergistically impair phagocytosis by retinal pigment epithelial cells.

2.
Patel, C, Husam G, Shreyas R, et al. Prolonged reactive oxygen species generation and nuclear factor-B activation after a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal in the obese. J Clin Endocrinology & Metabolism 2007; 92(11): 4476–9.

3.
Peairs AT, Rankin JW. Inflammatory response to a high-fat, low-carbohydrate weight loss diet: effect of antioxidants. Obesity 2008; 16( 7): 1573–8.

4.
Scanlan N. Compromised hepatic detoxification in companion animals and its correction via nutritional supplementation and modified fasting. Altern Med Rev 2001; 6 Suppl: S24–37.

5.
Levi F, Schibler U. Circadian rhythms: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 47: 593–628.

6.
Patel C, Husam G, Shreyas R, et al. Prolonged reactive oxygen species generation and nuclear factor-b activation after a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal in the obese. J Clin Endocrinology & Metabolism 2007; 92(11): 4476–9.

7.
Peairs AT, Rankin JW. Inflammatory response to a high-fat, low-carbohydrate weight loss diet: effect of antioxidants. Obesity 2008; 16(7): 1573–8.

8.
Fuhrman J, Sarter B, Glaser D, Acocella S. Changing perceptions of hunger on a high nutrient density diet. Nutrition Journal 2010; 9:51.

 

Chapter 5: High-Protein, Low-Carb Counterattack

1.
Best TH, Franz DN, Gilbert DL, et al. Cardiac complications in pediatric patients on the ketogenic diet. Neurology 2000; 54(12): 2328–30.

2.
Best TH, Franz DN, Gilbert DL, et al. Cardiac complications in pediatric patients on the ketogenic diet. Neurology 2000; 54(12): 2328–30.

3.
Stevens A, Robinson DP, Turpin J, et al. Sudden cardiac death of an adolescent during (Atkins) dieting. Southern Medical Journal 2002; 95: 1047.

4.
Newgard CB, An J, Bain JR, et al. A branched-chain amino acid-related metabolic signature that differentiates obese and lean humans and contributes to insulin resistance. Cell Metabolism 2009; 9(4): 311–26.

5.
Sluijs I, Beulens JWJ, Van Der A DL, et al. Dietary intake of total animal and vegetable protein and risk of type 2 diabetes in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC)-NL study. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 43–48.

6.
Tonstad S, Butler T, Yan R, Fraser GE. Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 791–6.

7.
Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Popovich DG, et al. Effect of a very-high-fiber vegetable, fruit, and nut diet on serum lipids and colonic function. Metabolism 2001 Apr; 50(4): 494–503.

8.
Fleming RM. The effect of high-protein diets on coronary blood flow. Angiology 2000; 51(10): 817–26.

9.
Lagiou P, Sandin S, Lof M, et al., Low carbohydrate–high protein diet and incidence of cardiovascular diseases in Swedish women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2012; 344: e406.

10.
Knight EL, Stampfer, MJ, Hankinson SE, et al. The impact of protein on renal function decline in women with normal renal function or mild renal insufficiency. Ann Int Med 2003; 138: 460–7.

11.
Atkins diet raises concerns. Cortland Forum 2004 (April): 22.

12.
American Kidney Fund press release, April 25, 2002, http://www.kidney fund.org/AboutAKF/newsroom–020425.htm.

13.
Kaushik M, Mozaffarian D, Spiegelman D, et al. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90: 613–20.

14.
Qi L, Van Dam RN, Rexrodek, Hu FB. Heme iron from diet as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in woman with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30(1): 101–6.

15.
Hu FB. Associations of dietary protein with disease and mortality in a prospective study of postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161(3): 239–49. Kelemen LE, Kushi LH, Jacobs DR, Cerhan JR. Plant-based foods and prevention of cardiovascular disease: an overview. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78(3 Suppl): 544S–551S.

16.
Lutsey PL, Steffen LM, Stevens J. Dietary intake and the development of the metabolic syndrome. the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Circulation 2008; 117: 754–61.

17.
Gardner CD, Coulston A, Chatterjee L, et al. The effect of a plant-based diet on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142(9): 725–33. Tucker KL, Hallfrisch J, Qiao N, et al. The combination of high fruit and vegetable and low saturated fat intakes is more protective against mortality in aging men than is either alone: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Nutr 2005; 135(3): 556–61. Campbell TC, Parpia B, Chen J. Diet, lifestyle, and the etiology of coronary artery disease: the Cornell China study. Am J Cardiol 1998 Nov 26; 82(10B): 18T–21T.

18.
Diousse L, Gaziano JM, Buring JC, et al. Egg consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. Diabetes Care 2008; 10: 2337/1271.

19.
Netteton JA, Steffen LM, Loehr LF, et al. Incident heart failure is associated with lower whole-grain intake and greater high fat dairy and egg intake in the atheroscerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. J Am Dietetic Assoc 2008; 108(11): 1881–7.

20.
Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, et al. A prospective study of egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease in men and women. JAMA 1999; 281: 1387–94.

21.
Trichopoulou A, Psaltopoulou T, Orfanos P, et al. Diet and physical activity in relation to overall mortality amongst adult diabetics in a general population cohort. J Intern Med 2006; 259: 583–91.

22.
Spence JD, Eliasziw M, DiCicco M, et al. Carotid plaque area: a tool for targeting and evaluating vascular preventive therapy. Stroke 2002; 33: 2916–22.

23.
Djousse L, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, et al. Egg consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 295–300. Richman EL, Kenfield SA, Stampfer MJ, et al. Egg, red meat, and poultry intake and risk of lethal prostate cancer in the prostate-specific antigen-era: incidence and survival. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4: 2110–21.

24.
Helman AD, Darnton-Hill I, Craig WJ, et al. Iron status of vegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59 (suppl 5): 1203S–1212S.

25.
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26.
Hardage M. Nutritional studies of vegetarians. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1966; 48: 25.

27.
Bartke A. Minireview: role of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor system in mammalian aging. Endocrinology 2005; 146(9): 3718–23.

28.
Laron Z. The GH-IGF1 axis and longevity: the paradigm of IGF1 deficiency. Hormones (Athens) 2008; 7(1): 24–27. Berryman DE, et al. Role of the GH/IGF-1 axis in lifespan and healthspan: lessons from animal models. Growth Horm IGF Res 2008; 18(6): 455–71. Van Bunderen CC, et al. The association of serum insulin-like growth factor-i with mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in the elderly: a population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010.