The Faith Instinct (45 page)

266
Ibid., 145.

267
Ibid., 158.

268
Revelation 11:3: ”And I will give power unto my two witnesses, and they shall prophesy a thousand two hundred and threescore days, clothed in sackcloth.”

269
en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/”
Heaven’s Gate”

270
Lisa J. Lucero, “The Politics of Ritual,”
Current Anthropology
44 (2003), 523-58.

271
J. Stephen Lansing,
Priests and Programmers
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007 [1st edition 1991]), 75.

272
Roy Rappaport,
Pigs for
the
Ancestors
(Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press, 2000 [first published 1984]),126.

273
Ibid., 3-4.

274
Thomas Babington Macaulay,
Lays of Ancient Rome
(London: Longmans, Green, 1884), 25.

275
Deuteronomy 20:1 and 16-17.

276
Hugh Kennedy,
The Great Arab Conquests
(Philadelphia: Da Capo Press, 2007), 50.

277
Bernard Lewis,
What Went Wrong? The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East
(New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 100.

278
Samuel P. Huntington,
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 114.

279
Noah Feldman,
The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State,
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), 79.

280
Ibid., 136.

281
Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?”
Foreign Affairs,
Summer 1993.

282
Geoffrey W. Conrad and Arthur A. Demarest,
Religion and Empire
(Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1984), 38.

283
Quoted in ibid., 28-29.

284
Ibid., 47.

285
Ibid., 69.

286
Richard Sosis, Howard C. Kress, and James S. Boster, “Scars for War: Evaluating Alternative Signaling Explanations for Cross-cultural Variance in Ritual Costs,”
Evolution and Human Behavior
28 (2007): 234-47.

287
Quoted in William H. McNeill,
Keeping Together in Time
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995),104.

288
Dominic Johnson, “Gods of War—The Adaptive Logic of Religious Conflict,” in
The Evolution of Religion,
ed. Joseph Bulbuliaet al. (Santa Margarita, California: Collins Foundation Press, 2008), 111—17.

289
Johnson, “Gods of War,” 112.

290
McNeill,
Keeping Together
in
Time,
127.

291
Sam Harris,
The End of Faith
(New York: Norton, 2004), 26.

292
McNeill,
Keeping Together in Time,
105.

293
Paul Johnson,
A History of Christianity
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976), 249-50.

294
Greg Austin, Todd Kranockand Thom Oommen, “God and War: An Audit & an Explanation,” Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, unpublished.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/shared/spl/hi/world/04/war_audit_pdf/pdf/war_audit.pdf/
.

295
Kevin Phillips,
The Cousins’ War
(Philadelphia: Basic Books, 1999), xii—xiii.

296
Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America,
Vol. 1 (New York: Vintage Books, 1945), 314.

297
Economist, December 23, 1999.

298
Phillips,
Cousins’ War,
21.

299
Frank Lambert,
Religion in American Politics
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008), 17.

300
Roger Finke and Rodney Stark,
The Churching of America 1776—2005
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005), 175.

301
Quoted in ibid., 124.

302
The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, U.S.
Religious Landscape Survey 2008,
6. Obtainable from
http://religions.pewforum.org/religions

303
Finke and Stark,
Churching of America,
246.

304
Ibid., 23.

305
PippaNorris and Ronald Inglehart,
Sacred and Secular
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 100.

306
Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, 22.

307
Ibid., 5.

308
Robert N. Bellah, “Civil Religion in America,” reprinted in
The Robert Bellah Reader,
ed. Robert N. Bellah and Steven M. Tipton (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2006), 229.

309
Robert Booth Fowler, Allen D. Hertzke, Laura R. Olson, and Kevin R. Den Dulk,
Religion and Politics in America,
3rd ed. (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2004), 301.

310
Samuel P. Huntington,
Who Are We?: The Challenges to America’s National Identity
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 68-69.

311
George McKenna,
The Puritan Origins of American Patriotism
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007), xiii.

312
Noah Feldman,
Divided by God
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 59-60.

313
Ibid., 170.

314
Ibid., 183.

315
Lambert,
Religion in American Politics,
107.

316
Figures taken from Norris and Inglehart,
Sacred and Secular,
72.

317
Figures taken from ibid., 90.

318
Ibid., 17.

319
Samuel P. Huntington,
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 47.

320
Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?”
Foreign Affairs,
Summer 1993, 22—49.

321
Samuel P. Huntington,
Clash of Civilizations,
184.

322
Bernard Lewis,
What Went Wrong!.
(New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 152.

323
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (New York: Pearson, 2008), 77.

324
Samuel Huntington,
Who Are We!.
’
The Challenges to America’s National Identity
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 59.

325
Todd Bersaglieri et al., “Genetic Signatures of Strong Recent Positive Selection at the Lactase Gene,”
American Journal of Human Genetics
(2004) 74:111-1120.

326
The Yanomamo, a tribal people who live in villages in the border forests of Brazil and Venezuela, engage in frequent warfare with their neighbors. Some 30 percent of adult men die violently. Those who have killed other men—called
unokais,
after the purification ceremony they must go through—have more wives and three times more children than do non
-unokais.
Napoleon A. Chagnon, ”Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population,”
Science
239 (1988): 985-92.

This book grew out of an earlier one,
Before the Dawn,
which examined the last 50,000 years of human evolution in the light of new explorations of the human genome. In writing that book it became clear to me that religious behavior had played a greater evolutionary role in shaping human societies than could be described at the time.
The Faith Instinct
is an attempt to remedy that neglect.

I thank Peter Matson of Sterling Lord Literistic for shaping the idea of the book and Vanessa Mobley, its first editor at Penguin Press, for her unfailing encouragement and advice. I am much indebted to Laura Stickney, its second editor, for her fine judgment and many deft suggestions and improvements.

I am most grateful to the Templeton Foundation, both for a generous grant and for the advice of its expert reviewers, who scrutinized the project at its outline and first-draft stages. The reviewers were anonymous so I cannot thank them by name, with the exception of Christopher Boehm of the University of Southern California, who kindly let his name be known to me. Further conversation with him allowed me to close several significant conceptual gaps in the argument.

I have benefited greatly from the advice of friends who read early drafts of the book and saved me from many errors, obscurities and infelicities. These include Caleb Crowell, Nicholas W. Fisher, David H. Levey, Jeremy J. Stone, Richard L. Tapper, and my wife Mary V. Wade. I thank them for their considerable help in improving the book. I am also indebted to Jonathan Haidt of the University of Virginia for reviewing the chapter on morality.

Erica Harris, of Boston University, and Prometheus Press were kind enough to make important books available to me in advance of publication.

My religious education I owe to Henry VI, who founded a school for poor scholars in 1440. He built at Eton one of England’s most beautiful chapels, in which I attended services every day and twice on Sunday during my school years.

Abbasids

‘Abd al-Malik

Abdulhamid II, Caliph

abortion

Abu Bakr, Caliph

action principle

adaptation

Adonis

affinity frauds

Afghanistan

Africa

human dispersal from

see also
!KungSan; Nuer

African Americans

agnostics

agriculture

ecology of religion and

festivals and

Ahuitzotl, Aztec emperor

Akkermans, Peter

Alexander, Richard

Alexandria

Allah

altruism

Ambrose, bishop of Milan

American Civil Religion

American Indians

Amish

ancestor worship

ancestral religion

Andaman Islanders and

Australian Aborigines and

features of

hunter gatherer preservation of

! Kung San and

legacy of

modern religion compared with

origin of religion and

suppression of

transformation of, see transformation of

religion

Andaman Islanders

Anglican church

animism

Antioch

ants

apes

Applewhite, Marshall

Arabia

Arabs

Arians, Arianism

Armstrong, Karen

Army, U.S.

Arunta

Assyria

Athanasius, patriarch of Alexandria atheists

Atran, Scott

Attis

Augsburg, Peace of (1555)

Augustine, Saint

Aurelian, Roman emperor

Australian Aborigines

conception and

dreamworld of

genetic analysis of

religious practices of

Azande

Aztecs

Ba‘al (Ba’al Hammon)

Babylonia, Babylonians

Bali

Baptists

Basil, Saint

Becker, Thomas

bees

belief

Bellah, Robert

Bering, Jesse

Berkey, Jonathan

Berndt, Ronald

Bible

Hebrew (Old Testament)

higher criticism of

New Testament

Septuagint

Biesele, Megan

Bishops’ Wars

Blake, William

blood, redness of

Blunt, John Henry

blushing

Boas, Franz

Boehm, Christopher

Boers

Bourguignon, Erika

Bowles, Samuel

Boyer, Pascal

Bradford, University of

brain

facerecognition and

morality and

size of

trance and

Brown, Donald

Brown, Peter

Buddhism

Bulkeley, Kelly

Byzantines

Calvinism

camels

Canaanites, Canaan

capitalism

Carthage, Carthaginians

Catholicism

contraception and

crusades and

Protestants vs.

Second Vatican Council and

splits in

in the U.S.

celibacy

Chadwick, Henry

Chadwick, Owen

Chagnon, Napoleon

Charismatic Movement

Charles I, king of England

Chemel, Benjamin

Cheney, Monika Gruter

children

adopted

evolution of religion and

killing of

language learning of

morality and

mother’s protection of

natural selection and

twins

warfare and

chimpanzees

hierarchy of

warfare and

China

Christianity

Arab

Chalcedonian

church’s struggle with ecstatic religion in

ecology of religion and

festivals in

future of

Melkite

Monophysite

Nestorian

persecution and

rise of

in Roman empire

sacrifice in

shaping of

splitsin

tree of religion and

virgin birth and

warfare and

Christmovement

church attendance

circumcision

civilizations, fault lines between

Clark, Gregory

colonialism

conception

Confucianism