The First War of Physics (91 page)

radar
55
,
59
,
64
,
72
,
107
,
110
,
150
,
167
,
188
,
272
,
309
,
441

radioactivity
175
,
252
,
449

radium
6–7
,
68–9
,
75
,
124
,
191
,
252
,
349

Rákosi, Mátyás
455

‘Ra-La’ experiments
252
,
285
,
289

Ramsey, Norman
320

‘Raymond’,
see
Gold, Harry

RDS (Reaktivnyi Dvigatel Stalina) atomic weapon project,
see also
bombs
420
,
442
,
449
,
472–3
,
488

Red Army, the
85–6
,
162
,
174
,
292
,
377
,
435
,
440

Rediess, General Wilhelm
154
,
174

Reich Bureau of Standards
16

Reich Ministry of Education
88
,
264

Reich Postal Ministry
80

Reich Research Council
16
,
29
,
120–3
,
126
,
129
,
202
,
263–4
,
271

Reiche, Fritz
81–2
,
106
,
131

relativity, theory of
8
,
24
,
26

Reviews of Modern Physics
(journal)
50

Reynolds, S. Wesley
430

Rheims
340–1

Rhine, River
289

Rhydymwyn, North Wales
94
,
140

Ribbentrop, Joachim von
29
,
85

Richardson, Owen
68

Richtmyer, Robert
445

Riefenstahl, Charlotte
79

Riefenstahl, Leni
79

Riehl, Nikolaus
32
,
296
,
343
,
418

Rittner, Major T.H.
340–4
,
348
,
350
,
354–5

Rjukan, bombing of
32
,
34
,
83
,
117–19
,
133–4
,
155
,
171
,
173
—4,
215
,
217
,
231

Robb, Roger
476–8

Robeson, Paul
465

Rockefeller Foundation
48

Rockefeller Scholarship
58

Romania
387
,
390

Romanov, Yuri
443

Rome,
see also
universities
5
,
49
,
58
,
147
,
167
,
184
,
267–70
,
273

liberation of
268
,
271

occupation of
268

Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin
272

Rongelap, island of
473

Rønneberg, Joachim
169–73
,
201

Roosevelt, Eleanor
287
,
300

Roosevelt, Franklin
19
,
41
,
43
,
45
,
52
,
54
,
108–12
,
133
,
141
,
180–4
,
193
,
211
,
214
,
235–7
,
249–51
,
261
,
269
,
274
,
286–7
,
293
,
300–1
,
324
,
388
,
390
,
397–9

Roosevelt, Theodore
302

Rosbaud, Paul
3
,
12
,
84
,
132
,
231
,
260
,
264
,
288

Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel
255–6
,
365
,
425
,
464
,
468
,
480
,
482–3
,
490

Rosenfeld, Léon
10–14

Rotblat, Joseph
61–13
,
74
,
218
,
227
,
229
,
299–300

Rotterdam
34

Royal Air Force (RAF)
133
,
170
,
342
,
400

Royal Canadian Air Force
153
,
381

Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
363
,
379–82
,
395

Royal Society of Edinburgh
71

Rozental, Stefan
89

Rundstedt, Field Marshal Gerd von
272
,
278
,
288

Runit Island
434

Rusinov, Lev
17
,
159

Russia,
see
Soviet Union

Rutherford, Ernest
57–8
,
342

S-l programme
110–11
,
137–46
,
150–1

Sachs, Alexander
19
,
41–5
,
53

‘sakharisation’
444

Sakharov, Andrei
360
,
443–5
,
460
,
472–3

Salerno
266

Salt Lake desert
320

San Francisco
5
,
145
,
182
,
186
,
193
,
195
,
223–4
,
319–20
,
412–13
,
429

Mount Zion Hospital
185

St Joseph Hospital
186

San Francisco Chronicle
(periodical)
12

Santa Fe
166
,
187
,
290–1
,
311
,
336
,
338
,
367
,
467
,
481

Santayana, George
491

Saratoga
, USS
408

Sato, Naotake
322–3
,
325
,
335

Sax, Saville
253–4
,
264
,
289–90
,
311
,
364
,
480–2

Scali, John
490

Scherrer, Paul
260
,
276–8

Schumann, Erich
29
,
31
,
35
,
38
,
119
,
121–2
,
128
,
274

Schwarze Korps, Das
(periodical)
24

Scientific Worker
(periodical)
168

Scotland Yard
382

Seaborg, Glenn
106–7
,
139
,
242
,
307
,
412

Sealion, Operation,
see
operations

Secret Intelligence Service (SIS)
83–5
,
102
,
118
,
132
,
170
,
199–200
,
212–13
,
251
,
259–61
,
276
,
383

Segrè, Emilio
49
,
67
,
107
,
226
,
233
,
242–3
,
254

Seismological Institute,
see
Moscow

Semenov, Nicolai
184

Semipalatinsk-21 test site
449
,
473

Serber, Robert
147–9
,
188–9
,
191–2
,
211
,
252
,
316
,
320–1
,
337
,
406–7
,
484

Severnaia, Tura
418

Shawcross, Hartley
404

Shell-Mex House
393
,
460

Siberia
393

Sicherheitsdienst (SD) (Nazi intelligence service)
26

Sicily
259–60

Siegbahn, Manne
3–4
,
68
,
356

Siemens Company
76
,
296

Silva, Peer de
194
,
207
,
223

Simon, Franz
67
,
73–4
,
78
,
94
,
101
,
104
,
140
,
409

SIS,
see
Secret Intelligence Service

Site
550
,
see
Arzamas-16

Site Y,
see
Los Alamos

Skardon, William
458–9

Skinnarland, Einar
117–19
,
168
,
171

Skinnarland, Torstein
135
,
168

Skitten airfield, Caithness
153

Skylark, Operation,
see
operations

Slater, John C.
106

‘sloika’ (‘layer cake’)
442–5

Slotin, Louis
407

S-matrix theory
277

Smirnov, Yuli
361
,
370

Smith, Peter
492

Doomsday Men
(book)
492

Smyth, Henry D.
367
,
373–4
,
404
,
418
,
420

Atomic Energy for Military Purposes
(report)
367
,
374
,
404
,
418
,
420

Snow, C.P.
59
,
237–8
,
462

Social Democratic Party
455

SOE,
see
Special Operations Executive

Sofia
391

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander
161

The Gulag Archipelago
(book)
161

Somervell, General Brehon
151

Sommerfeld, Arnold
24–5
,
147

‘Sonja’ (Soviet spy)
104
,
218
,
239

Sorbonne, the
261

Sørlie, Rolf
171
,
231

South Carolina
301

Soviet Academy of Sciences
443

Soviet State Defence Committee
175

Soviet State Planning Committee (Gosplan)
361

Soviet Union (USSR)
17
,
35
,
55
,
79
,
85–6
,
90
,
98
,
102–4
,
108
,
111
,
119
,
159–61
,
182–5
,
207
,
229–31
,
237
,
240
,
250–6
,
291
,
296–7
,
300
,
304
,
311–13
,
318
,
323–6
,
335–6
,
343
,
359–61
,
364–79
,
384–6
,
390–3
,
397
,
403–4
,
410–12
,
418–21
,
425–7
,
435–7
,
440
,
443
,
446–50
,
454
,
458–9
,
472–5
,
482
,
488–9
,
491

Spanish Civil War, the
185

Spartanburg
301

Special Operations Executive (SOE)
117–19
,
132–5
,
169–71
,
202
,
215–16
,
231
,
326
,
342

Special State Committee
360
,
363
,
370
,
442

Spectator
(periodical)
485

Speer, Albert
121
,
125–8
,
130
,
203
,
264

Speleological Research Institute
271

Spitzer, Abe
329

Spooner, Major Reginald
393

SS-4 missiles,
see
Cuba, missile crisis

St Petersburg,
see also
Leningrad
2
%

Stadtilm, laboratory at
288–9
,
341

Stalin, Joseph
17
,
79
,
85–6
,
98
,
160–2
,
174–6
,
182
,
207
,
250
,
292–3
,
304
,
318
,
325–6
,
343
,
259–60
,
362
,
364
,
370–5
,
380
,
387
,
390
,
393
,
420–2
,
427–8
,
435
,
439
,
441–2
,
451
,
455
,
471–2

Great Purge
17
,
79
,
85
,
161

Stalingrad
160
,
162
,
174–6

Standard Oil Development Company
162

Stanford University,
see
universities

Starheim, Odd
117

Stark, Johannes
24–6

State Defence Committee
160–1
,
175–6
,
360–1

State Department
224
,
282
,
391
,
431
,
466–7

Stavanger
154
,
216

Steinmetz Club, the
255

Stephenson, William
383

Stilwell, General Joseph ‘Vinegar Joe’
409

Stimson, Henry L.
110
,
150
,
164
,
181
,
214
,
287
,
302–8
,
322–5
,
328
,
336
,
345
,
368–9

Stockholm
3–4
,
11
,
57
,
63
,
67–8
,
84
,
174
,
212
,
217
,
260
,
338