The Grand Inquisitor's Manual (46 page)

10. Coulton, 259, quoting Archbishop Peckham (“The ignorance of the priests…”) (adapted) and Bishop Guillaume le Maire of Angers (“contemptible persons…” and “the lay folk hold the priests…”) (adapted).

11. Coulton, quoting author,
Dives and Paupers,
273 (adapted).

12. Quoted in Coulton, 266 (adapted).

13. Quoted in Coulton, 263.

14. Burman, 16.

15. Lambert, 29.

16. Luke 9:58; 10:4, 8, rsv.

17. Mary T. Malone,
From 1000 to the Reformation,
vol. 2 of
Women and Christianity
(Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2002), 48.

18. Lambert, 38.

19. Quoted in Walter L. Wakefield,
Heresy, Crusade and Inquisition in Southern France, 1100–1250
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press, 1974), 45.

20. Quoted in Wakefield, 45.

21. Lambert, 56.

22. Cohn, 17.

23. Quoted in Cohn, 19 (adapted).

24. Wakefield, 102 (“riff-raff”).

25. Cohn, xii (“exotic and non-Christian”).

26. Lambert, 119. Emphasis added.

27. Lambert, 121.

28. Wakefield, 38.

29. Lambert, 139.

30. Wakefield, 38.

31. Lambert, 107.

32. Everwin of Steinfeld, quoted in Lambert, 56, and alluding to Matt. 10:16.

33. Quoted in Lambert, 109.

34. Lambert, 139.

35. Quoted in Martin, 7.

36. Wakefield, 42 (“Ardent believers married…”).

37. Lambert, 114.

38. Lambert, 114.

39. The derivation of Cathar from
cattus
is proposed by Alain de Lille in
Against the Heretics of His Times,
written between 1179 and 1202. Kissing the anus of a cat also is described by Guillaume d’Auvergne, bishop of Paris, in a work written between 1231 and 1236. Cohn, 22.

40. Hos. 4:14, rsv.

41. Lambert, 9, n. 1.

42. Wakefield, 41.

43. Quoted in John R. Sommerfeldt,
Bernard of Clairvaux: On the Spirituality of Relationship
(Mahwah, NJ: The Newman Press, 2004), 82.

44. Lambert, 15 (“the fictions of carnal men…”); quoted in Stephen C. Ferruolo,
The Origins of the University: The Schools of Paris and Their Critics, 1100–1215
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1985), 55 (“The woods and stones will teach you…”).

45. Quoted in Burman, 27.

46. Quoted in Lambert, 59 (“were not bishops and priests but ravening wolves…”) (adapted); quoted in Martin, 128 (“was only good for batting away flies…”); Martin, 128 (“have God in their bowels…”).

47. Quoted in Armstrong, 393.

48. Armstrong, 393.

49. Wakefield, 30.

50. Quoted in Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie,
Montaillou: Cathars and Catholics in a French Village, 1294–1324,
trans. Barbara Bray (New York: Penguin Books, 1980), 223, 320–21.

51. Ladurie, 223.

52. Lambert, 98.

53. Caesarius of Heisterbach (ca. 1180–1240),
Dialogue on Miracles,
quoted in Wakefield, 197. The reference is to 2 Tim. 2:19, rsv (“The Lord knows those who are his.”).

54. Martin, 90.

55. Martin, 96.

56. Wakefield, 120.

57. Wakefield, 121.

58. Quoted in Wakefield, 120.

59. Lea, 65.

3.
THE HAMMER OF HERETICS

1. Arthur Griffiths,
In Spanish Prisons: The Inquisition at Home and Abroad; Prisons Past and Present
(New York: Dorset Press, 1991; orig. pub. 1894), 15.

2. Lea, 24.

3. Lea, 51 (adapted).

4. Lea, 7.

5. Lea, 2.

6. Quoted in Burman, 25.

7. Cohn, 25 (“self-appointed inquisitors…,” etc.); Burman, 35 (“on papal license”).

8. Quoted in Cohn, 26.

9. Lambert, 148–49, 165 (adapted).

10. Burman, 29–30, quoting Achille Luchaire,
Innocent III.

11. “Canons of the Fourth Lateran Council, 1215,” Canon 4 (“conform themselves like obedient sons…”), Canon 68 (“thus it happens at times…”), Canon 71 (“to liberate the Holy Land…”), Internet Medieval Sourcebook, www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/lateran4.html.

12. “Canons of the Fourth Lateran Council, 1215,” Canon 1.

13. “Canons of the Fourth Lateran Council, 1215,” Canon 3.

14. “Canons of the Fourth Lateran Council, 1215,” Canon 3 (adapted).

15. “Canons of the Fourth Lateran Council, 1215,” Canon 3.

16. Burman, 21, 30.

17. “[I]t cannot be disputed that the creation of a permanent tribunal, staffed by Dominican friars who worked from a fixed base in conjunction with the episcopate and were endowed with generous authority, occurred first in Languedoc in 1233–1234….” Wakefield, 140.

18. Burman, 28, 34 (“an integral part…,” “an act of love…,” etc.).

19. Quoted in Kelly, 439, n. 2.

20. Quoted in Burman, 18–19.

21. Quoted in Lea, 27.

22. Burman, 53.

23. Quoted in Lea, 63–64.

24. Quoted in Lea, 63–64.

25. Burman, 81.

26. Lea, 69, 125. The words attributed to Sir John Fortescue are paraphrased by Lea and slightly adapted here.

27. Burman, 37, 38.

28. Giorgio de Santillana,
The Crime of Galileo
(New York: Time Inc., 1955; orig. pub. Univ. of Chicago Press), 27, n. 2.

29. Lambert, 177 (“zealous, hard-working bureaucrats”).

30. Pope Gregory IX,
Ille humani generis,
1231, quoted in Burman, 35–36. Although addressed to Conrad of Marburg, “it provides the first sketch of the procedure that later became standard for inquisitors.”

31. Burman, 55 (adapted).

32. Lea, 69 (“the authorities…”); Bernard Gui,
The Inquisitor’s Guide: A Medieval Manual on Heretics,
trans. and ed. Janet Shirley (Welwyn Garden City, UK: Ravenhall Books, 2006), 10 (“Most Reverent”).

33. Lea, 82, 83.

34. Lea, 104, 105, 114.

35. Lea, 61.

36. Lea, 113.

37. Lea, 75.

38. Lambert, 98.

39. Wakefield, 133 (adapted).

40. Kelly, 441.

41. Gui, 30.

42. Lea, 106–7.

43. Lambert, 137.

44. Lea, 128.

45. Quoted in Lea, 112 (“How often have you confessed…”); quoted in Wakefield, 151–52, n. 10 (“Does a woman conceive through the act of God…”).

46. Gui, quoted in Lea, 108–9 (adapted).

47. Lea, 99.

48. Lea, 127 (adapted), 153.

49. Lea, 72–73.

50. Quoted in Lea, 72.

51. Lea, 74.

52. Lambert, 101.

53. Burman, 54.

54. Kelly, 448.

55. Lea, 141.

56. Lea, 72, citing Zanghino Ugolini (“utterly ignorant of the law”), and Eymerich (“should always associate himself…”).

57. Lea, 144.

58. Quoted in Ozick, 53.

59. Lea, 192.

60. Quoted in Lea, 192–93.

61. Kelly, 444, 450–51.

62. Lea, 83, 84, 85.

63. Lea, 149 (adapted).

64. Wakefield, 188 (“canonical irregularities…”).

65. Lea, 148 (“devices and deceits,” referring specifically to the rights of appeal), 72, 73 (“The inquisitors were a law unto themselves…”) (adapted); Kelly, 450 (“[t]hings had come to a sorry pass…”).

66. Burman, 46, 66.

67. Burman, 50, paraphrasing Mariano da Alatri.

68. Wakefield, 141–42.

69. William of Pelhisson, quoted in Wakefield, 224.

70. William of Pelhisson, quoted in Wakefield, 218–19.

71. William of Pelhisson, quoted in Wakefield, 218–19.

72. William of Pelhisson, quoted in Wakefield, 216–17 (adapted).

73. Burman, 40.

74. Lea, 42, 43 (adapted).

75. Wakefield, 142.

76. Wakefield, 184, citing Yves Dossat. Wakefield reports that twenty-one victims in the diocese of Toulouse were formally sentenced to death and suggests that five additional victims who were recorded as “relapsed” heretics probably suffered capital punishment, too.

77. Burman, 93 (“infested with heretics”).

78. Burman, 54.

79. Lea, 78 (“pointed knives, etc.) and 79 (“armed familiars…”), citing Pope John XXII.

80. Lea, 80, citing Nicholas Eymerich.

81. Quoted in Burman, 66, and paraphrased in Lea, 154, 157.

4.
CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

1. Quoted in Brian Innes,
The History of Torture
(Leicester, England: Blitz Editions, 1999), 43. Innes cites the account of a sixteenth-century Florentine attorney called Paulus Grillandus who specifically describes the use of the strappado.

2. Burman, 41.

3. Quoted in Peters, 1985, 65 (adapted).

4. Held, 18 (“delectable to the Holy Trinity…”) (the author is referring here to the burning of heretics at the stake); quoted in Innes, 41 (“By the grace of God…”).

5. Malise Ruthven,
Torture: The Grand Conspiracy
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1978), 51 (adapted).

6. Ruthven, 51.

7. Burman, 59.

8. Quoted in Burman, 148 (adapted).

9. Paraphrased in Lea, 104 (adapted).

10. Dostoyevsky, 270 (adapted).

11. Quoted in Burman, 60, 70 (adapted).

12. Lea, 114–55.

13. Lea, 114.

14. Lea, 114.

15. Quoted in Innes, 41.

16. Quoted in Peters, 1985, 42.

17. Quoted in Peters, 1985, 1 (adapted). The Latin word
quaestio
appears in the original text and is translated by Peters as “torture.”

18. Lea, 2.

19. Ruthven, 47 (adapted).

20.
Directorium Inquisitorium,
quoted in Ruthven, 54.

21. Ruthven, 55 (“with a general reputation for heresy,” etc.); Peters, 1985, 67 (“facial expressions…”).

22. Burman, 148.

23. Nigel Cawthorne,
Witch Hunt: History of a Persecution
(New York: Barnes & Noble, 2004), 174–75.

24. Ruthven, 58.

25. Burman, 63. Strictly speaking, these were the standard measurements for the water ordeal as used in Italy.

26. Burman, 63 (“for fresh questioning…”); Cecil Roth,
The Spanish Inquisition
(New York: Norton, 1964; orig. pub. 1937), 107 (“A man might…”).

27. Quoted in Anthony Grafton, “Say Anything: What the Renaissance Teaches Us About Torture,”
The New Republic,
Nov. 5, 2007, 23 (“jump” and “dance”); Burman, 64 (“Only a confession…,” etc.); Peters, 1985, 68 (“queen of torments”).

28. Ruthven, 59 (“the space of one or two Misereres”); Innes, 43 (“weights were attached…”).

29. Lea, 114.

30. Held, 78.

31. Held, 17 (adapted).

32. Peters, 1989, 218.

33. Burman, 63.

34. Quoted in Burman, 63, 146.

35. Quoted in Burman, 63.

36. Burman, 63.

37. Burman, 62.

38. Lea, quoted in Burman, 65.

39.
Processus inquisitionis,
quoted in Wakefield, 255 (“The bearer sinned…”) (adapted).

40. Quoted in Burman, 47.

41. Burman, 58.

42.
Processus inquisitionis,
quoted in Wakefield, 183, 255.

43. Wakefield, 183 (“ostentatious dress…”); Lea, 113 (“His body…”)

44. Lea, 229.

45. Lea, 211.

46. Lea, 168.

47. Lea, 219.

48. Lea, 229.

49. Lea, 217.

50. Quoted in Burman, 54 (“perpetual imprisonment…”); Lea, 184 (“frightful abodes…”).

51. Quoted in Burman, 41.

52. Lea, 180.

53. Lea, 184.

54. Lea, 185.

55. Wakefield, 239.

56.
Processus inquisitionis,
quoted in Wakefield, 256 (adapted).

57. Coulton, 189 (adapted).

58. Burman. 37.

59. Ladurie, 142, n. 3.

60. Held, 82.

61. Lea, 249.

62. Quoted in Lambert, 15 (“laughed as they were bound…”); quoted in Burman, 155 (“thrust their hands…”).

63. Lambert, 15 (“a strange state…”).

64. See
A History of the End of the World: How the Most Controversial Book in the Bible Changed the Course of Western Civilization,
by Jonathan Kirsch (HarperOne, 2006).

65. Quoted in Burman, 37.

5.
THE INQUISITOR’S MANUAL

1. Quoted in Lambert, 362.

2. Peters, 1985, 65.

3. Quoted in Lambert, 211.

4. Lambert, 193 (“poverty fanatics”); Wakefield, 190 (“mystics…”)(adapted).

5. Lambert, 185–86, 187.

6. Burman, 104 (adapted).

7. Burman 105 (“to enquire into the beliefs…”).

8. Gui, 95, 122 (adapted).

9. Burman, 103 (“no Rule and no authority…”); Lambert, 184 (“So little obvious was the heresy…”).

10. Kelly, 448.

11. Quoted in Burman, 95 (“in the name of the Inquisition”); quoted in Cohn, 85 (“a detestable crime…”).

12. Cohn, 77.

13. Cohn, 83.

14. Cohn, 80.

15. Quoted in Burman, 95.

16. Lambert, 180 (“extraordinary farrago of nonsense”); Cohn, 86 (“absolutely without foundation”).

17. Cohn, 85, 88.

18. Cohn, 87, 88, 91 (“indecent” and “beautiful young girls” and “encrusted with jewels”); Cawthorne, 45 (“a goat endowed…”).

19. Cohn, 87.

20. Cohn, 92 (“reduced the pope…”).

21. Cohn, 87.

22. Quoted in Cohn, 85 (adapted).

23. Cohn, 96.

24. Exod. 22:18, kjv; quoted in Cawthorne, 35 (“wizardry and sorcery…”) (adapted), 35–36 (“believe and openly profess”).

25. Cohn, 177 (“he had seized and read many books…”); Burman, 121 (“love-magic”).

26. Pope John XXII,
Summis desiderantes affectibus,
1484, quoted in Cawthorne, 39–40 (“correction, imprisonment and punishment…” and “They blasphemously renounce…”) (adapted); Cohn, 252 (“a secret, conspiratorial body…”).

27. Burman, 121.

28. Jeffrey Burton Russell, quoted in Burman, 129–30 (adapted).

29. Lambert, 187 (“verbal exhibitionists”)(adapted).

30. Salazar y Frias, quoted in Burman, 182 (“There were neither witches…”).

31. Montague Summers, ed. and trans.,
The “Malleus Maleficarum” of Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger
(New York: Dover, 1971; orig. pub. 1928), 194, 195 (adapted).