The Happiness Industry (34 page)

23
Thomas Szasz,
The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct
, New York: Harper Perennial, 2010.

24
D. L. Rosenshan, ‘On Being Sane in Insane Places',
Science
179, 1973.

25
Ehrenberg,
The Weariness of the Self
.

26
Healy,
The Antidepressant Era
.

27
Hannah Decker,
The Making of DSM-III: A Diagnostic Manual's Conquest of American Psychiatry
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

28
John Feighner et al., ‘Diagnostic Criteria for Use in Psychiatric Research',
General Psychiatry
26: 1, 1972. This later became the most-cited paper in the history of American psychiatry.

29
Decker,
The Making of DSM-III
, 110.

30
The question of whether a syndrome such as depression was ‘proportionate' to the circumstances of the sufferer was a crucial one for Meyerian psychiatry, and meant that there was a tacit and often explicit alliance between many psychiatrists and campaigners for social reform through the 1950s and '60s. This was broken by the DSM-III. See Allan Horwitz and Jerome Wakefield,
The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry Transformed Normal Sorrow into Depressive Disorder
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

31
Quoted in Decker,
The Making of DSM-III
.

32
The case is known as the Osheroff Case, after Raphael Osheroff, who won the case. He had been treated for narcissistic personality disorder in 1979 and prescribed psychotherapeutic treatment. Later that year, he was transferred to a different mental health institution, prescribed lithium, and immediately started to recover. In 1983, he was awarded $550,000.

33
Tara Parker-Pope, ‘Psychiatry Handbook Linked to Drug Industry',
well.blogs.nytimes.com
, 6 May 2008.

34
Peter Whoriskey, ‘Antidepressants to Treat Grief? Psychiatry Panelists with Ties to Drug Industry Say Yes',
washingtonpost.com
, 26 December 2012.

35
See for example Julie Kaplow and Christopher Layne, ‘Sudden Loss and Psychiatric Disorders Across the Life Course: Toward a Developmental Lifespan Theory of Bereavement-Related Risk and Resilience',
The American Journal of Psychiatry
171: 8, 2014.

36
For instance, the cost of depression to European employers has been put at $77 billion a year. See Sara Evans-Lacko and Martin Knapp, ‘Importance of Social and Cultural Factors for Attitudes, Disclosure and Time Off Work for Depression: Findings from a Seven Country European Study of Depression in the Workplace'
PLOS One
, 9: 3, 2014.

37
The HR Leadership Forum to Target Depression in the Workplace, ‘Depression in the Workplace in Europe: A Report Featuring New Insights from Business Leaders',
targetdepression.com
, 2014.

6 Social Optimization

1
University of California – Berkeley, ‘Gratitude or Guilt? People Spend More When They “Pay It Forward”',
sciencedaily.com
, 26 November 2012.

2
Chuck Leddy, ‘When 3+1 Is More Than 4',
news.harvard.edu/gazette/
, 24 October 2013.

3
I have explored this further in William Davies, ‘The Emerging Neocommunitarianism',
Political Quarterly
83: 4, 2012; and William Davies, ‘Neoliberalism and the Revenge of the “Social”',
opendemocracy.net
, 16 July 2013.

4
This is the basic premise of the field of business strategy. See Michael Porter, ‘How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy',
Harvard Business Review
, March 1979.

5
Karon Thackston, '7 Thank You Pages That Take Post-Conversion to the Next Level',
unbounce.com
, 2 April 2014.

6
Kate Losse, ‘Weird Corporate Twitter',
thenewinquiry.com
, 10 June 2014.

7
Mo Costandi, ‘Shared Brain Activity Predicts Audience Preferences',
theguardian.com
, 31 July 2014.

8
Peter Ormerod, ‘Is Your Friend an Unpaid Branding Enthusiast?',
theguardian.com
, 13 January 2014.

9
Stephen Baker, ‘Putting a Price on Social Connections',
business-week.com
, 8 April 2009.

10
John Cacioppo and William Patrick,
Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection
, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009.

11
Hospital for Special Surgery, ‘Socially Isolated Patients Experience More Pain After Hip Replacement',
sciencedaily.com
, 27 October 2013.

12
University of Zurich, ‘Brain Stimulation Affects Compliance with Social Norms',
sciencedaily.com
, 3 October 2013.

13
MIT Technology Review, ‘Most Influential Emotions on Social Networks Revealed',
technologyreview.com
, 16 September 2013.

14
Guy Winch, ‘Depression and Loneliness Are More Contagious Than You Think',
psychologytoday.com
, 9 August 2013.

15
Quoted in René Marineau,
Jacob Levy Moreno, 1889–1974: Father of Psychodrama, Sociometry, and Group Psychotherapy
, London: Tavistock/Routledge, 1989, 30.

16
Quoted in Marineau,
Jacob Levy Moreno
, 44.

17
Jacob Moreno,
Who Shall Survive?: Foundations of Sociometry, Group Psychotherapy and Sociodrama
, Beacon, NY: Beacon House, 1953, 7.

18
Linton Freeman,
The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the Sociology of Science
, Vancouver: Empirical Press, 2004.

19
See ‘Over 38 Percent of Americans Suffer from Internet Addiction',
english.pravda.ru
, 24 June 2013.

20
Dave Thier, ‘Facebook More Addictive Than Cigarettes, Study Says',
forbes.com
, 2 March 2012.

21
Damien Pearse, ‘Facebook's “Dark Side”: Study Finds Link to Socially Aggressive Narcissism',
theguardian.com
, 17 March 2012.

22
Ethan Kross et al., ‘Facebook Use Predicts Decline in Subjective Well-Being in Young Adults,
PLOS One
8: 8, 2013.

23
Scott Feld, ‘Why Your Friends Have More Friends Than You Do',
American Journal of Sociology
96: 6, 1991.

24
Stephen March, ‘Is Facebook Making Us Lonely?',
theatlantic.com
, 2 April 2012.

25
Jeremy Gilbert, ‘Capitalism, Creativity and the Crisis in the Music Industry',
opendemocracy.net
, 14 September 2012.

7 Living in the Lab

1
Jennifer Scanlon, ‘Mediators in the International Marketplace: US Advertising in Latin America in the Early Twentieth Century',
The Business History Review
77: 3, 2003.

2
Jeff Merron, ‘Putting Foreign Consumers on the Map: J. Walter Thompson's Struggle with General Motors' International Advertising Account in the 1920s',
The Business History Review
73: 3, 1999.

3
Ibid.

4
Thomas Davenport and D. J. Patil, ‘Data Scientist: The Sexiest Job of the 21st Century',
Harvard Business Review
, October 2012.

5
Viktor Mayer-Schönberger, and Kenneth Cukier,
Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work and Think
, London: John Murray, 2013.

6
Anthony Townsend,
Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia
, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2013, 297.

7
Mark Harrington, ‘How Social Intelligence Is Revolutionizing Market Research',
business2community.com
, 20 June 2013.

8
‘Carol Matlack, ‘Tesco's In-Store Ads Watch You – and It Looks Like You Need a Coffee',
businessweek.com
, 4 November 2013.

9
Mark Bright, ‘Facial Recognition Ads Planned for Manchester Streets',
salfordonline.com
, 28 May 2013.

10
Rob Matheson, ‘A Market for Emotions',
newsoffice.mit.edu
, 31 July 2014.

11
James Armstrong, ‘Toronto May Soon Track Residents' Online Sentiments About City Services',
globalnews.ca
, 17 June 2013 ; Sabrina Rodak, ‘Sentiment Analysis: An Emerging Trend That Could Give Hospitals an Edge in Patient Experience',
beckershospitalreview.com
, 28 June 2013.

12
Dana Liebelson, ‘Meet the Data Brokers Who Help Corporations Sell Your Digital Life',
Mother Jones
, November/December 2013.

13
Adam Kramer, Jamie Guillory and Jeffrey Hancock, ‘Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion Through Social Networks',
Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences
111: 24, 2014.

14
Robinson Meyer, ‘Everything We Know About Facebook's Secret Mood Manipulation Experiment',
theatlantic.com
, 28 June 2014.

15
Ernesto Ramirez, ‘How to Measure Mood Using Quantified Self Tools',
quantifiedself.com
, 17 January 2013.

16
Matthew Killingsworth and Daniel Gilbert, ‘A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind', Science 330: 6006, 2010.

17
Mount Sinai Medical Center, ‘Neuroimaging May Offer New Way to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder',
sciencedaily.com
, 5 June, 2013; Lucy McKeon, ‘The Neuroscience of Happiness',
salon.com
, 28 January 2012.

18
Steve Lohr, ‘Huge New Development Project Becomes a Data Science Lab',
bits.blogs.nytimes.com
, 14 April 2014.

19
Shiv Malik, ‘Jobseekers Made to Carry Out Bogus Psychometric Tests',
theguardian.com
, 30 April 2013.

20
Randy Rieland, ‘Think You're Doing a Good Job? Not If the Algorithms Say You're Not',
smithsonianmag.com
, 27 August, 2013.

21
Cass Sunstein, ‘Shopping Made Psychic',
nytimes.com
, 20 August 2014.

22
Rian Boden, ‘Alfa-Bank Uses Activity Trackers to Offer Higher Interest Rates to Customers Who Exercise',
nfcworld.com
, 30 May 2014.

23
‘Moscow Subway Station Lets Passengers Pay Fare in Squats',
forbes.com
, 14 November 2013.

8 Critical Animals

1
Lizzie Davies and Simon Rogers, ‘Wellbeing Index Points Way to Bliss: Live on a Remote Island, and Don't Work',
theguardian.com
, 24 July 2012.

2
Cari Nierenberg, ‘A Green Scene Sparks Our Creativity',
bodyodd.nbcnews.com
, 28 March 2012.

3
In Spring 2011, the British Psychological Society published an
open letter, authored by clinical psychologists, criticizing the DSM-V.

4
See Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett,
The Spirit Level
.

5
One calculation produced by the British happiness economist Andrew Oswald suggests that an unemployed person would need benefits of £250,000 a year to compensate them for the negative psychological impact of unemployment.

6
Sally Dickerson and Margaret Kemeny, ‘Acute Stressors and Cortisol Responses: A Theoretical Integration and Synthesis of Laboratory Research',
Psychological Bulletin
130: 3, 2004; Robert Karasek and Tores Theorell,
Healthy Work: Stress, Productivity, and the Reconstruction of Working Life
, New York: Basic Books, 1992.

7
Ronald McQuaid et al., ‘Fit for Work: Health and Wellbeing of Employees in Employee Owned Businesses',
employeeownership.co.uk
, 2012.

8
David Stuckler and Sanjay Basu,
The Body Economic: Why Austerity Kills
, New York: HarperCollins, 2013.

9
See the CIPD Absence Management Annual Survey,
cipd.co.uk
, 2013.

10
Tim Kasser and Aaron Ahuvia, ‘Materialistic Values and Well-Being in Business Students',
European Journal of Social Psychology
32: 1, 2002.

11
Miriam Tatzel, M. ‘“Money Worlds” and Well-Being: An Integration of Money Dispositions, Materialism and Price-Related Behavior',
Journal of Economic Psychology
23: 1, 2002.

12
Rik Pieters, ‘Bidirectional Dynamics of Materialism and Loneliness: Not Just a Vicious Cycle',
Journal of Consumer Research
40: 3, 2013.

13
Andrew Abela, ‘Marketing and Consumerism: A Response to O'Shaughnessy and O'Shaughnessy',
European Journal of Marketing, 40:
1/2, 2006, 5-16.

14
S. M. Amadae,
Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism
, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.

15
Nafeez Ahmed, ‘Pentagon Preparing for Mass Civil Breakdown',
theguardian.com
, 12 June 2014.