The Harlot by The Side of The Road: Forbidden Tales of The Bible (55 page)

31.
Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson, “Self-Defense,” in
Encyclopoedia Judaica
, 17 vols. (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House), vol. 14, 126.

32.
Menachem Begin,
The Revolt
, rev. ed. (Los Angeles: Nash Publishing, 1977), xxv.

1.
Susan Niditch, “The Wronged Woman Righted,”
Harvard Theological Review
72, nos. 1-2 (January-April): 148.

2.
Karen Armstrong,
Jerusalem
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996), 39-40.

3.
Robert Alter, “A Literary Approach to the Bible,”
Commentary
60, no. 6 (December 1975): 76.

4.
Elaine Adler Goodfriend, “Prostitution (OT),” in
The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 6
vols., ed. David Noel Freedman (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992), vol. 5, 505 et seq.; and Karel Van Der Toorn, “Prostitution (Cultic),” in
ABD
, vol. 5, 511 et seq.

5.
Eugene J. Fisher, “Cultic Prostitution in the Ancient Near East? A Reassessment,”
Biblical Theology Bulletin
6 (June-October 1976): nos., 2-3, 226.

6.
Mayer I. Gruber, “Hebrew Qedeshah and Her Canaanite and Akkadian Cognates,”
Ugarit-Forschungen
, band 198 (1996): 134.

7.
Fisher, 230.

8.
Gruber, 134.

9.
Robert Alter,
The Art of Biblical Narrative
(New York: Basic Books, 1981), p. 9. See also Nachman Avigad, “Seal, Seals,” in
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, 17 vols (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House), vol. 14, 1072-73; and Bonnie S. Magness-Gardiner, “Seals, Mesopotamian,” in
ABD
, vol. 5, 1062-63.

10.
J. A. Emerton, “Judah and Tamar,”
Vetus Testamentum
29, no. 4 (October 1979): 412.

11.
Francis I. Anderson and David Noel Freedman, tr., notes, and comm.
Hosea
, Anchor Bible (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1986), 225.

12.
Anderson and Freedman, 224.

13.
“Cosmetics,” in
EJ
, vol. 5, 980.

14.
Niditch, 145.

15.
Niditch, 144.

16.
Niditch, 144-46, fn. 8.

17.
Harold Bloom and David Rosenberg,
The Book of J
(New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990), 222. See also George W. Coats, “Widow’s Rights,”
Catholic Biblical Quarterly
34, no. 4 (October 1972): 463.

18.
Deut. 25:5–10. See also Coats, 463.

19.
Anderson, 36.

20.
Deut. 25:5–10. See also Coats, 463.

21.
Gerhard von Rad,
Genesis
, rev. ed., (London: S.C.M. Press Ltd., 1972), 356.

22.
Coats, 464.

23.
Calum M. Carmichael, “A Ceremonial Crux,”
Journal of Biblical Literature
96, no. 3 (September 1977): 321-36.

24.
Coats, 462.

25.
Julian Pitt-Rivers,
The Fate of Shechem, or The Politics of Sex
(Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 169.

26.
Louis Ginzberg,
The Legends of the Jews
, 7 vols. (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1909-1938), vol. 2, 35-36, and “Tamar,” in
EJ
, vol. 15, 783.

27.
Thomas Mann,
Joseph the Provider
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1944), 214.

28.
Mann, 200.

1.
B. P. Robinson, “Zipporah to the Rescue,”
Vetus Testamentum
36, no. 4 (October 1986): 450, fn. 9.

2.
Robinson, 449.

3.
Julian Morgenstern, “The ‘Bloody Husband’ (?) (Exod. 4:24–26) Once Again,”
Hebrew Union College Annual
34 (Union of Hebrew Congregations, 1963): 38, 43. Morgenstern suggests that Exodus 4:24–26 reflects a primitive form of marriage in the ancient Middle East in which the husband’s task is simply to impregnate his wife, who remains in the household of her own family. By taking it upon herself to circumcise her son, Morgenstern argues, Zipporah is performing a task traditionally assigned to a woman’s eldest brother in such marriages.

4.
Trent C. Butler, “An Anti-Moses Tradition,”
Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
12 (May 1979): 9, 11.

5.
Morgenstern, 52.

6.
G. Vermes, “Baptism and Jewish Exegesis: New Light from Ancient Sources,”
New Testament Studies
4 (1957-1958) (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1958), 310, 312-13.

7.
Robinson, 457.

8.
Louis Ginzberg,
The Legends of the Jews
, 7 vols. (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1909-1938), vol. 2, 295. Satan also appears in place of Yahweh as the attacker in the Book of Jubilees, a biblical-era work that was excluded from the Hebrew Bible but appears in the Apocrypha. Vermes, 314-15.

9.
Moshe Greenberg,
Understanding Exodus
(New York: Burman House for the Melton Research Center of the Jewish Theological Seminary, 1969), 110.

10.
Greenberg, 113.

11.
New JPS, 90.

12.
Marvin H. Pope, in
The Anchor Bible Dictionary
, 6 vols., ed. David Noel Freedman (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992), vol. 1, 721.

13.
Morgenstern, 45-46.

14.
G. Johannes Botterweck and Helmer Ringgren, ed.
The Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament
(Grand Rapids: William B. Eeirdmans Publishing Company, 1978), 270 et. seq.

15.
Greenberg, 114, fn. 1.

16.
Ginzberg, vol. 2, 329.

17.
Lawrence Kaplan, “‘And the Lord Sought to Kill Him’ (Exod. 4:24): Yet Once Again,”
Hebrew Annual Reviews
(Department of Judaic and Near Eastern Languages and Literatures, Ohio State University), (1981): 66. See also Robinson, 456, fn. 17.

18.
Nahum M. Sarna,
Understanding Genesis
(New York: Schocken Books, 1970), 131.

19.
Roland de Vaux,
Ancient Israel
vol. 1 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965), 46-47.

20.
Morgenstern, 41.

21.
Vermes, 309.

22.
Robinson, 448.

23.
Vermes, 314-315, fn. 1.

24.
J. H. Hertz.,
The Pentateuch and Haftorahs
, 2d ed. (London: Soncino Press, 1981), 219, fn. 10.

25.
R. E. Clements, “The Relation of Children to the People of God in the Old Testament,”
Baptist Quarterly
11, no. 5 (January 1996): 198.

26.
Robinson, 459.

27.
Edmund Leach, “Why Did Moses Have a Sister?” in Edmund Leach and D. Allan Aycock,
Structuralist Interpretations of Biblical Myths
(Cambridge [England] and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 34-35, 47.

28.
Leach, 35.

29.
Ilana Pardes,
Countertraditions in the Bible
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), 89-92.

30.
Cheryl Anne Brown,
No Longer Be Silent
(Louisville, Ky.: Westminster-John Knox Press, 1992), 26, 27.

31.
Leach, 39. See also Pardes, 89.

32.
Pardes, 90.

33.
Pardes, 91-92.

34.
Pardes, 87, citing Daniel Boyarin,
Intertextuality and the Reading of Midrash
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), 98.

35.
Harold Bloom and David Rosenberg,
The Book of J
(New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990), 273.

36.
Julian Morgenstern, “The ‘Bloody Husband’ (?) (Exod. 4:24–26) Once Again,”
Hebrew Union College Annual
34 (Union of Hebrew Congregations, 1963): 43-44, fn. 27, citing the work of A. J. Reinach and Hugo Gressmann.

37.
The notion that Exodus 4:24–26 depicts the symbolic deflowering of Zipporah by a lusty god or demon has also been embraced by other Bible scholars, including
Eduard Meyer, Georg Beer, and Elias Auerbach. See Hans Kosmala, “The Bloody Husband,”
Vetus Testamentum
12 (January 1962): 16.

38.
Morgenstern, 1963, 43, fn. 27.

39.
Hans Kosmala, 16-17. See also Morgenstern, 44, fn. 27 (“[S]o far-fetched and groundless …, so arbitrary and utterly without proof, that it would hardly merit presentation … were it not put forth by a scholar of high repute”) and Martin Buber,
Moses
(New York: Harper & Row, 1958), 57, where Buber cites these readings of Exodus 4:24–26 as evidence of “the devastation which the excessive enticement and allure of ethnology has effected in the history of religion.”

40.
Sigmund Freud,
Moses and Monotheism
(New York: Vintage Books, 1967), 39, citing Eduard Meyer.

41.
Sarna, 29.

42.
Sarna, 158.

43.
Northrop Frye,
The Great Code
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982), 184.

44.
Morgenstern, 1963, 36.

45.
Sarna, 158.

46.
Morgenstern, 1963, 36.

47.
Hertz, 201.

48.
René Girard,
Violence and the Sacred
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), 4.

49.
Sarna, 157, 159.

50.
Kaplan, 67, citing J. Blau, “Hatan Damim,”
Tarbiz
26 (1956): 1-3.

51.
Kaplan, 68.

52.
Greenberg, 117, n. 1.

53.
Kosmala, 21.

54.
Buber, 58.

55.
Buber, 58. (Emphasis added.)

1.
Leila Leah Bronner, “Valorized or Vilified? The Women of Judges in Midrashic Sources,” in
A Feminist Companion to Judges
, ed. Athalya Brenner (Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993), 73

2.
J. Cheryl Exum, “The Tragic Vision and Biblical Narrative,” in
Signs and Wonders
, ed. J. Cheryl Exum (Society of Biblical Literature, 1989), 64, citing Y. Zakovitch.

3.
Louis Ginzberg,
The Legends of the Jews
, 7 vols. (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1909-1938), vol. 4, 43.

4.
Gila Ramras-Rauch, in “Fathers and Daughters,” in “Mappings of the Biblical Terrain,” ed. Vincent L. Tollers and John Maier,
Bucknell Review
33, no. 2 (1990): 165.

5.
I. Mendelsohn. “The Disinheritance of Jephthah in the Light of Paragraph 27 of the Lit-Ishtar Code,” in
Israel Exploration Journal
4, (1954): 116.

6.
Mendelsohn, 116, 118-19.

7.
Exum, 1989, 73.

8.
Robert G. Boling, tr. and intro.,
Judges
, Anchor Bible (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1975), 208.

9.
Exum, 1989, 67, fn. 4.

10.
Barry G. Webb, “The Theme of the Jephthah Story,”
The Reformed Theological Review
45, no. 2 (May-August 1986): 40.

11.
Daniel Landes, “A Vow of Death,” in
Confronting Omnicide
, ed. Daniel Landes (Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 1991), 11.

12.
Exum, 1989, 66, citing the work of Phyllis Trible.

13.
Exum, 1989, 66.

14.
Exum, 1989, 79.

15.
Amos Oz, “Upon This Evil Earth,” in
Where the Jackals Howl and Other Stories
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981), 217.