The Hollow Crown: The Wars of the Roses and the Rise of the Tudors (43 page)

1
These three standards were presented later in the year at St Paul’s – we assume here that they had been associated with Henry’s campaign from his arrival in England.

2
Henry’s letters are quoted and discussed in Griffiths and Thomas,
Making of the Tudor Dynasty
, 159–65

3
Croyland Continuations
, 502

4
Ellis (ed.),
Polydore Vergil
, 221. Vergil uses this to suggest the king’s conscience ‘guilty of heinous offences’; but
Croyland Continuations
, 503, agrees, suggesting that the king woke and ‘declared that during the night he had seen dreadful visions, and had imagined himself surrounded by a multitude of demons’. Neither source could be described as sympathetic to Richard – nevertheless, both were by assiduous and well-informed writers.

5
Ellis (ed.),
Polydore Vergil
, 225

6
Ibid., 223

7
Ibid., 224

8
Ibid.

9
As revealed in analysis of Richard III’s skeleton carried out by the University of Leicester in 2012–13, nicely summarised by Dr Jo Appleby at
http://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/osteology.html

10
Ellis (ed.),
Polydore Vergil
, 224

11
Croyland Continuations
, 505

12
Great Chronicle
, 238

13
Ibid., 239

14
The accounts for Henry’s coronation are in Wickham Legg,
English Coronation Records
, 198–218

15
Ibid. and S. Anglo,
Spectacle, Pageantry and Early Tudor Policy
(Oxford, 1969), 11

16
When the first Lancastrian king, Henry IV (then merely Henry Bolingbroke, duke of Hereford), had sallied forth for his duel with Thomas Mowbray, duke of Norfolk at Coventry in September 1398 his pavilion ‘was covered with red roses’: Williams,
Chronique de la traison et mort
, 153; the royal treasure subsequently taken over by Henry IV contained numerous items decorated with roses of different hues: Palgrave,
Antient Kalendars
, III 313–58. ‘
Rhos
cochion mewn rhwysg uchel’:
quoted and translated in Evans,
Wales and the Wars of the Roses
, 6

17
PROME November 1485, part I, item 9

18
Gairdner (ed.),
Letters and Papers
, 421

19
B. André,
The Life of Henry VII
, trans. D. Hobbins (New York, 2011), 34

20
Ibid., 35

21
Raine (ed.),
York Civic Records
, I 156–9

22
An interesting point of comparison is the birth of Edward II at Caernarfon Castle in 1284 – another focal point of Arthuriana.

23
The deeds of these kings were not just entertainment: often they were intended for political education, too. In 1457 the scholar James Hardyng had produced a monumental History, which expounded on the deeds of the kings, beginning in the days of Brutus. Hardyng had presented his work to Henry VI, who appeared to take no notice of the moral that was intended.

24
André,
Life of Henry VII
, 38

1
Simnel’s origins are discussed at length in M. Bennett,
Lambert Simnel and the Battle of Stoke
(Gloucester, 1987), 42–55

2
D. Hay (ed.),
The Anglica Historia of Polydore Vergil, AD 1485–1537
(London, 1950), 13

3
André,
Life of Henry VII
, 47 (‘Admirably skilled …’)

4
Ibid., 46

5
Ibid.

6
Hay (ed.),
The Anglica Historia of Polydore Vergil
, 63

7
PROME November 1485, part I, item 8

8
As, indeed, it still is.

9
Hay (ed.),
The Anglica Historia of Polydore Vergil
, 56–7

10
André,
Life of Henry VII
, 60

11
Hay (ed.),
The Anglica Historia of Polydore Vergil
, 67

12
Ibid., 75

13
André,
Life of Henry VII
, 66

14
Warbeck’s Scottish expenses are printed in Gairdner (ed.),
Letters and Papers
, II 326–35

15
André,
Life of Henry
VII
, 68

16
Hay (ed.),
The Anglica Historia of Polydore Vergil
, 67

1
Licentiate Alcaraz, quoted in G. Tremlett,
Catherine of Aragon: Henry’s Spanish Queen
(London, 2010), 69

2
G. Kipling (ed.),
The Receyt of the Ladie Kateryne
(Oxford, 1990), 39

3
J. Guy,
The Children of Henry VIII
(Oxford, 2013), 4; D. Starkey,
Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII
(London, 2004), 76–7

4
A third son, Prince Edmund, had been born in 1499, but died in 1500.

5
Thomas,
Jasper Tudor
, 19–20

6
Hay (ed.),
The Anglica Historia of Polydore Vergil
, 123

7
Seward,
Last White Rose
, 138

8
PROME January 1504, item 21

9
Philip claimed the crown in right of his wife; Joanna’s mother, Queen Isabella of Castile, had died in November 1504. Isabella’s other daughter, of course, was Katherine of Aragon.

10
Great Chronicle
, 330

11
Hay (ed.),
The Anglica Historia of Polydore Vergil
, 135

12
In Flanders the treaty was known as the
Malus Intercursus
– the Evil Treaty – because it was so skewed towards English interests.

13
Kingsford (ed.),
The First English Life of Henry V
(Oxford, 1911), 4

14
See for example BL Royal 8 G. vii; BL Royal 11 E. xi; BL Add MS 88929

15
The battle of Flodden was won on Catherine’s watch, on 9 September 1513.

16
Hay (ed.),
The Anglica Historia of Polydore Vergil
, 203

17
L&P IV nos 1123 and 1131

18
This conversation is reported by R. Macquereau,
Histoire générale de l’Europe
(Louvain, 1765), and repeated in Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, 136. It is unsourced and may be apocryphal. The first mention of de la Pole’s death in the official record is to be found in L&P IV no. 1131: a letter of a clerk to Wolsey dated 28 February 1525. Yet Macquereau’s anecdote captures very well the relief that Henry surely felt at the termination of the de la Pole line.

1
J. Osborn (ed.),
The Quenes Maiesties Passage through the Citie of London to Westminster the Day before her Coronacion
(New Haven, 1960), 31–3

2
See, for example, the large Tudor rose in the stained-glass window at Great Malvern Priory, which sits to the left of the arms of Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon, or Katherine of Aragon’s window in the Quire at St George’s Chapel, Windsor.

3
Hall, ‘Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Famelies’. As if the point were not sufficiently made, in his introduction addressed to the young King Edward VI, Hall pointed out that ‘I haue compiled and gathered (and not made) out of diurse writers, as well forayne as Englishe, this simple treatise whiche I haue named the vnion of the noble houses of Lancaster and Yorke, conioyned together by the godly marriage of your moste noble graundfather [i.e. Henry VII], and your verteous grandmother [i.e. Elizabeth of York]. For as king henry the fourthe was the beginning and rote of the great discord and deusion: so was the godly matrimony, the final ende of all discencions, titles and debates.’ Hall,
Chronicle,
vii

4
Stow’s 1550 edition of Chaucer, Trinity College, Cambridge, STC 5075, 5076

5
1 Henry
VI, II iv 27–73

6
Arranged according to historical chronology, the full list of plays is
Richard II, Henry IV Part 1
and
Part 2
, and
Henry V
(known as the ‘second tetralogy’ with regard to the time of its composition); followed by
Henry VI Part 1, Part 2
and
Part 3
and
Richard III
(the ‘first tetralogy’).

7
BL Royal 13 C VIII f. 22v, f. 62v, f. 63

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