The Indomitable Spirit of Edmonia Lewis (51 page)

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------.
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Figure 55.
Harry Henderson (left) and Romare Bearden

Harry and Romie first met in the 1940s at a studio that Romie shared with photographer Sam Shaw. Photo: Frank Stewart.

[1]
Suggested cataloging:

Henderson, Harry Brinton, Jr.,
(1914-2003)

The Indomitable Spirit of Edmonia Lewis. A Narrative Biography / Harry Henderson and Albert Henderson.

Includes illustrations, maps, bibliographical references, list of work
s
.

1.
Mary Edmonia Lewis, 1844-1907. 2. Sculptors – United States – Biography. 3. Women sculptors – United States – Biography. 4. Expatriate sculptors – Italy – Rome – Biography. 5. Afro-American art. 6. Afro-American artists – Biography.

I. Henderson, Albert (Kossack), 1938-
II. Title

ISBN 978-1-58863-451-1 (PDF electronic book)

ISBN 978-1-58863-452-8 (EPUB electronic book)

730.92

NB237 L487

NOTES FOR INTRODUCTION

[2]
See also Albert and Joseph Henderson, “Romare Bearden and Harry B. Henderson, Jr.,”
100 Fine Works on Paper,
Swann, public sale 2049, Sept. 15, 2005, opp. Item 64; Harry Henderson, biography, http://harryhenderson.com/bio.

[3]
Veronica Chambers, book review,
Los Angeles (CA) Times Book Review,
Jan. 2, 1994, and Barbara Chase-Riboud, book review,
African American Review
30 (Spring, 1996), 115-116, both described
A History
as a “ landmark work.” See also Ruth Fine,
The Art of Romare Bearden
(Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art / Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2003), 188-189, who termed it “an invaluable reference.”

[4]
Bearden and Henderson,
A History,
54-77, 485-489, covers Edmonia Lewis and offers a number of illustrations not duplicated here.

NOTES FOR PROLOGUE

[5]
“Colored” was the most common usage found in print with our subject.

[6]
We found evidence Edmonia returned to America in 1869, 1870, 1872, 1873, 1875, 1876, 1878, 1879, 1898, and possibly 1886 and 1899.

[7]
SFC, Aug. 26, 1873.

[8]
See Lydia Maria Child [hereafter “Child”], letter to the editor,
New York (NY) Independent,
Apr. 5, 1866; Sampson, “Doing the Centennial.”

[9]
The reforms included the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution banning slavery (ratified 1865); the Fourteenth guaranteeing citizenship, due process, equal protection of law, and representative government (1868); and the Fifteenth prohibiting the use of race in determining who could vote (1870).

[10]
Murray,
Emancipation,
20-23.

[11]
Passenger list,
SS Ville de Paris
(French Line), which arrived in New York July 1, 1875, from Le Havre. The word of choice at the time, “emigrants” (rather than “immigrants”), emphasized foreign origins.

[12]
Fletcher,
A History,
II, 553. Unless indicated otherwise, historical details about the College come from this work, James Harris Fairchild,
Oberlin: Its Origin, Progress, and Results
(Oberlin: Shankland and Harmon, 1860), the U. S. Census, or Oberlin College,
General Catalogue
(1909). Of the village’s 2,915 people, twenty-five per cent were colored, the highest proportion of any northern city or settlement. Three to four percent of the student body were colored.

[13]
Oberlin College Archives. Edmonia attended Oberlin College’s preparatory course 1859 to 1860 and continued with the ladies’ course 1860 to 1863, including optional winter courses to study algebra, botany, composition, and rhetoric when the College was officially closed. She did not complete the 1863 term.

[14]
Anne Whitney [hereafter “Whitney”] to Adeline M. Manning, Aug. 9, 1864, Payne MSS: 511-512.

[15]
Leeson,
History of Montana,
254, 1141; Miller,
An Illustrated History,
374-376;
Bozeman (MT) Courier,
Apr. 6, 1896. Unless otherwise indicated, biographical details of Edmonia’s brother come from these three sources and the U. S. census.

[16]
Suggesting members of the Lewis family continued living in Newark, a New Jersey death certificate dated Dec. 19, 1882, recorded “Hannah M. Lewis” age 4 years, 10 months, colored, born in Newark, father black teamster Henry F. Lewis, and wife Cinderella.