The Invasion of Canada (34 page)

Sir George makes one telling point in his instructions to his frustrated general: since the British are not interested in waging a campaign of conquest against the United States but only in containing the war with as little fuss as possible while battling their real enemy, Napoleon, it surely makes sense to let the enemy take the offensive “having ascertained by experience, our ability in the Canadas to resist the attack of a tumultuary force.”

There is a growing testiness in Prevost’s correspondence with Brock – more than a hint that he is prepared, if necessary, to write off the Niagara frontier. Sir George berates Brock obliquely for weakening the line of communication along the St. Lawrence between Cornwall and Kingston: by moving troops from those points to Niagara he has encouraged predatory raids by the enemy. Between the lines can be seen Prevost’s fear of giving his impetuous subordinate too many troops lest he make an overt move that will upset the fine balance with which Prevost still hopes to conciliate the Americans.

But Brock has not been a soldier for the best part of three decades without learning to obey orders: “I have implicitly followed Your Excellency’s instructions, and abstained, under great temptation and provocation, from every act of hostility.” To his brother Savery he pours out his frustrations: “I am really placed in a most awkward predicament.… My instructions oblige me to adopt defensive measures,
and I have evinced greater forbearance than was ever practised on any former occasion. It is thought that, without the aid of the sword, the American people may be brought to a full sense of their own interests. I firmly believe that I could at this moment sweep everything before me from Fort Niagara to Buffalo.…”

At last he has some officers he can trust. These come not from the 41st, which he finds wretchedly officered, but from his old regiment, the 49th, six companies of which he has brought to Fort George from Kingston: “Although the regiment has been ten years in this country drinking rum without bounds, it is still respectable.…”

Many U.S. regulars, tired of service, are deserting to him; more, he believes, would do so if the opportunity offered. Those deserters who do not drown in the swirling river report a state of poor morale on the opposite side. They complain of bad food, scanty pay, continual sickness, and they are jealous of the militia, which they believe to be better fed and better treated. Brock disdains the American militia. He sees them as an undisciplined rabble of “enraged democrats … who … die very fast.”

His enemies cannot help but admire him. Years later, Winfield Scott will recall how the Canadian commander of a small provincial vessel made a landing on the Erie shore and plundered several farm families of their table silver, beds, and other possessions. The indignant Brock seized the vessel, sent her back under a flag of truce with all the property that had not been destroyed and the money for the remainder. “Such conduct could not fail to win all noble hearts on both sides of the line.”

But Brock has not the temperament for the kind of bloodless warfare that has been his lot since hostilities began. He is impatient for action and, since he cannot initiate it, hopes and expects the Americans will. He is convinced (correctly) that the Americans will have to make a move soon to keep their restless and undisciplined militia in line. To warn of attack he has ordered a line of beacon signals along the frontier. Now he can only sit and wait. His sword has yet to be raised in combat, and this clearly irks as much as it puzzles him:

“It is certainly something singular that we should be upwards of two months in a state of warfare, and that along this widely extended frontier not a single death, either natural or by the sword, should have occurred among the troops under my command, and we have not been altogether idle, nor has a single desertion taken place.”

Who, in Europe, can take this bloodless colonial fracas seriously? On September 9, the day after Prevost’s armistice ends, Napoleon launches and, at great cost, wins the Battle of Borodino, thus opening the way to Moscow. The casualties on that day exceed eighty thousand – a figure greater than the entire population of Upper Canada. On the Niagara frontier, two tiny, untrained armies face each other across the boiling river, each afraid to make the first move, each expecting the other to launch an attack.

Brock is certain that something decisive will happen before the month’s end. “I say decisive, because if I should be beaten, the province is inevitably gone; and should I be victorious, I do not imagine the gentry from the other side will be anxious to return to the charge.”

In short, he will either be confirmed as the Saviour of Upper Canada or there will be no Upper Canada. And whatever happens, Brock is convinced, this brief and not very bloody war will come to a swift conclusion. There are, of course, other possibilities, both glorious and at the same time tragic, but these he does not consider.

IN LEWISTON, during these same weeks, General Stephen Van Rensselaer finds himself pushed to the brink of a battle for which he is inadequately prepared by a series of circumstances over which he has little control. Events pile up, one upon another, like ocean breakers, driving him unwillingly towards a foreign shore.

On August 27 the camp is subjected to a dreadful spectacle: across the river for more than half a mile straggle the remnants of Hull’s defeated army, ragged, shoeless, dispirited, the wounded groaning in open carts, the whole prodded onward by their British captors.

“The sensations this scene produced in our camp were inexpressible,” Lovett writes his friend. “Mortification, indignation, fearful apprehension, suspicion, jealousy, dismay, rage, madness.” The effect on Van Rensselaer’s force is twofold: the militia is cowed by this demonstration of British invincibility while the Hawks among the officers salivate for action.

“Alarm pervades the country and distrust among the troops,” the General writes to Governor Tompkins. Like Hull’s beaten soldiers, many of his own are without shoes; all are clamouring for pay. “While we are thus growing daily weaker, our enemy is growing stronger.” The British are reinforcing the high ground above Queenston, pouring
in men and ordnance and fortifying every prominent point from Fort Erie to Fort George.

Governor Tompkins, who is thunderstruck by the disaster, receives another letter from his political ally, the belligerent quartermaster general, Peter B. Porter:

“Three days ago we witnessed a sight which made my heart sick within me, and the emotions it excited throughout the whole of our troops along the line … are not to be described. The heroes of Tippecanoe, with the garrisons of Detroit and Michilimackinac … were marched like cattle from Fort Erie to Fort George, guarded by General Brock’s regular troops with all the parade and pomp of British insolence, and we were incapacitated by the armistice and our own weakness from giving them the relief which they seemed anxiously to expect, and could only look on and sicken at the sight.…

“… This miserable and timid system of defense must be abandoned or the nation is ruined and disgraced. Make a bold push at any one point and you will find your enemy.…

“The public mind in this quarter is wrought up almost to a state of madness. Jealousy and distrust begin to prevail toward the general officers, occasioned perhaps by the rash and imprudent expressions on politics of some of the persons attached to them, but principally to the surrender of Detroit, which among the common people is almost universally ascribed to treachery.…”

On September 7, a day before the armistice ends, Major Lovett, the General’s eloquent aide, comes to the conclusion that “we must either fight or run.… There are some pretty strong reasons to believe that Brock is attempting to
Hull
us.…” Yet nobody on the American side can guess Brock’s intentions or even estimate the true strength of his force because it is impossible to persuade a single man to risk his neck by acting as a spy on the Canadian shore. Van Rensselaer must resort to the timeworn artifice of sending officers across under flags of truce to treat with the enemy on various pretexts while peering about at the fortifications.

At Albany, General Dearborn’s resolve is wavering. As late as mid-August he stated his belief that Montreal and all of Upper Canada would fall to the Americans before winter. Now Hull’s defeat has shaken him. He still insists that he will attack Niagara, Kingston, and Montreal, but his purpose is circumscribed by a hedgerow of “ifs.”
If
the governors of the neighbouring states will supply enough reinforcements quickly;
if
the Quartermaster General can get him sufficient
supplies, ammunition, and guns, then “I am persuaded we may act with effect.”
If
he can muster some five thousand regulars and additional militia, he will push on to Montreal to support Van Rensselaer’s offensive on the Niagara, hoping to cut communications between the two Canadas, “but whether I shall be able to effect anything or not depends on so many contingencies as to leave all in doubt.”

He has dispatched some five thousand troops to Plattsburg on Lake Champlain and another two thousand (all militia) to Sackets Harbor and expects to have an army of seven thousand on the Niagara, including three thousand regulars. Unfortunately Brigadier-General Wadsworth, the New York militia commander, who has grossly overestimated Brock’s forces, has warned him that anything fewer than ten thousand will not do.

In his reports to Washington, Dearborn manages to be gloomy and optimistic in the space of a single sentence: “I fear … that we shall meet with additional misfortunes on the borders of Upper Canada … but if we redouble our exertions and inspire a due degree of firmness and spirit in the country, all will ultimately go well.”

He is an old man, indecisive, inexperienced, out of his depth, querulous and uninformed (“Will the militia consent to go into Canada?”), the victim of his country’s military myopia, the prisoner of its bureaucratic confusion. Hampered by lack of supplies, lack of men, lack of money, he tells Eustis: “I have never found official duties so unceasing, perplexing and fatiguing as at this place” and then adds a sympathetic postscript: “I presume you are not on a bed of roses.”

At Lewiston, while Dearborn vacillates, Peter B. Porter chafes for action. He and his cronies mount a whispering campaign against Van Rensselaer’s command. The General’s aide, Solomon, is convinced that “they have so far succeeded in the Camp and the Country that in the former it is only whispered, but in the Latter it is openly said, that Gen. Van Rensselaer is a traitor to his Country and the Surrender of the Army when it crosses the River is the price of his Infamy.” As a result, “he cannot enforce the Subordination which is so necessary to the safety and glory of the Troops he Commands.”

Reluctantly, Solomon writes to Morgan Lewis, a former Republican governor of New York and now the state’s quartermaster general, suggesting that another commander – somebody of the same politics as the government – replace his cousin on the frontier. Nothing comes of it.

The General expects a British attack imminently and prepares to defend against it. He decides to maintain Fort Niagara, opposite Fort George, decrepit though it is, removes the roof from a stone building, sets up a battery of two twelve-pound cannon in its upper storey, establishes a second battery of three eighteen-pounders a mile upriver across from a similar British emplacement, builds a new communications road back of the river and beyond enemy fire, and co-opts an additional five hundred men stationed at Buffalo to strengthen his own force.

The British are also active. Gazing across the narrow river, General Van Rensselaer can see the
Royal George
arrive with two hundred gunners. He has learned that one hundred smaller boats loaded with stores for the enemy fort have passed up the St. Lawrence together with two regiments of troops. The situation, he admits, is critical, but “a retrograde movement of this army upon the back of that disaster which has befallen the one at Detroit would stamp a stigma upon the national character which time could never wipe away.” He will hold out against superior strength until he is reinforced. There is no evidence that he contemplates an attack. It is the British who will attack, or so the General believes.

But the British do not attack, and the promised reinforcements do not arrive. In Van Rensselaer’s army of two thousand, on September 22, one hundred and forty-nine are too sick to fight, including his cousin Solomon. The weather is dreadful; raw winds and cold rains harass the troops, soaking such blankets and tents as are available.

After suffering for six days with fever, Solomon attempts to return to duty, suffers a relapse, is bled thrice and doctored with enough salts, jalap, castor oil, and calomel to render an ordinary man insensible. It takes him another week to recover from the doctors’ ministrations. By contrast Lovett, the amateur soldier, is in splendid condition, “hardened almost to the hide, muscles and houghs of an ox” and clearly having the time of his life:

“We are every few days, deluged in water, such storms of rain and wind I think I never experienced, the cloth of my Tent is mere sieve stuff; every third night I get wet as a Muskrat. But in the worst of it I sing, in proper tune: ’No burning heats by day, Nor blasts of evening air, Shall take my health away, If God be with me there.’…I feel safe; for I feel myself in duty. I am glad I came.…”