The Lie Detectors (45 page)
Authors: Ken Alder
Potter, Claire Bond.
War on Crime: Bandits, G-Men, and the Politics of Mass Culture.
New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1998.
Ruth, David E.
Inventing the Public Enemy: The Gangster in American Culture, 1918–1934.
Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
Segrave, Kerry.
Lie Detectors: A Social History.
Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2004.
Sokal, Michael M., ed.
Psychological Testing and American Society, 1890–1930.
New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1987.
Stearns, Peter N.
American Cool: Constructing a Twentieth-Century Emotional Style.
New York: New York University Press, 1994.
Stearns, Peter N., and Jan Lewis, eds.
An Emotional History of the United States.
New York: New York University Press, 1998.
Tanenhaus, David Spinoza.
Juvenile Justice in the Making.
New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Wang, Jessica.
American Science in an Age of Anxiety: Scientists, Anticommunism, and the Cold War.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.
Willrich, Michael.
City of Courts: Socializing Justice in Progressive Era Chicago.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Winter, Alison. "The Making of ‘Truth Serum.’"
Bulletin of the History of Medicine
79 (2005): 500–533.
Woods, Joseph Gerald. "The Progressives and the Police: Urban Reform and the Professionalization of the Los Angeles Police." Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA, 1973.
Growing up, as I did, in the 1970s, the glory days of Californian authenticity, I have only gradually come to appreciate the democratic virtues of cognitive privacy. But interior privacy is of little value without the camaraderie and intellectual engagement of family, friends, and colleagues. The following people read the manuscript as a whole or in part, and I am grateful that they shared their comments with me: John Carson, Peter Gaffney, Andrew Nelson, Ted Porter, Bronwyn Rae, and Mike Sherry. I would also like to thank those people who influenced my thinking while I was writing this book; sometimes an oblique comment had a greater impact than either of us realized at the time: Francesca Bordogna, Bob Brain, Stephen Fienberg, Mike Fortun, Dario Gaggio, John Lear, Sarah Maza, Jock McLane, Joel Mokyr, Ed Muir, Shobita Parthasarathy, Jessica Riskin, Patrick Singy, John Tresch, and Rob Warden.
Some of the ideas in this book were first tested in presentations for faculty seminars at the following institutions: University of California-Berkeley, University of Chicago, Harvard University, American Bar Foundation, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, École des Mines de Paris, Oregon State University, University of California-San Diego, Princeton University, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, and the Newberry Library. I would like to thank both the hosts and the participants. And last but not least, this book was written with the financial support of the National Science Foundation (grant SBR-9710438); the National Endowment for the Humanities at the Newberry Library; the American Bar Foundation; and the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University. In my "Note on Sources" I thank the people who provided the inky traces on which this book is based. Here I would like to extend my appreciation to Bill Larson and Penny Eckert for letting me share their family memories; and to Michael Holland, for service above and beyond. I would also like to thank the undergraduate research assistants who hauled so many books and papers from the library for me: Stas Rosenberg, Rebecca Rogalski, Rashaun Sourles, Hannah Nam, and William Slaughter.
Bruce Nichols has been a scrupulous and generous editor; his engagement with the manuscript made this a stronger book. As always, I am deeply indebted to the judgment and advocacy of Christy Fletcher and her colleagues at Fletcher and Perry. Finally, I thank my wife, Bronwyn, and daughter, Madeleine, for refraining from telling me the truth about what they thought of my spending all my time in the attic working on this book—maybe because they tell me the truth often enough. At least it sure
feels
like the truth.
Abu Ghraib prison, Iraq
Acheson, Dean
ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union)
Addams, Jane
Adler, Herman,
AEC (Atomic Energy Commission),
Afghanistan
AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations)
African Americans
Alger Hiss affair
All Quiet on the Western Front
(movie)
Alsop, Joseph
Alsop, Stewart
American Bar Association
American Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology
American Journal of Police Science,
American Polygraph Association
American Psychiatric Association,
Ames, Aldridge
Amyl nitrite
Anderson, Carl M.
Andrews, Bert
Appel, Charles
Applegate, Katherine (Kay).
See
Keeler, Katherine (Kay) Applegate
Applied psychology
during World War I in education (IQ testing),
in movies,
Münsterberg and
Aristotle
Arizona State Hospital for the Insane
Army Corps of Engineers
Artichoke program
Art of Sound Pictures, The
(Marston)
Associated Research, Inc.
Association of Oak Ridge Scientists and Engineers
Augustine, Saint, xi
Avicenna
Backster, Cleve
Bacon, Francis
Bailey, F. Lee
Ballistic identification
Barnum, P. T.
Benetti, Peter
Berkeley, California
Berkeley Chamber of Commerce
Berkeley Psychograph
Binet, Alfred
Black Creek, Wisconsin
Blood pressure levels
Blotzman, Sidney
Bluebird program
Blushing
Boas, Ernst
Bohlen, Charles
Borkenstein, Robert
Boston, Massachusetts
Boston University
Brain fingerprinting
Brainwashing
Breathing depth
Breathitt County, Kentucky
Brickner, Richard
Bridges, Styles
Briegleb, Gustav
Bringing Up Baby
(movie)
Buck, Carrie
Bundesen, Herman
Burgess, Ernest
Burke, Fred
Bush, George W.
Byrne, Olive
Byrnes, Thomas
California State Medical Association
Call Northside
(movie)
Camp Greenleaf, Georgia
Canary murder case
Cannon, Walter B.
Capone, Al
Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corporation
Cardio-pneumo-psychograph
Card test
Carnegie, Dale
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Castor, Arthur
Castor, Robert
Castor, Walter
Cermak, Anton
Chambers, Whitaker
Chandler, Harry
Chatham, Russell
Cheever, John
Chesterton, G. K.
Chicago
newspapers in
North Side vs. South Side
police force
political corruption in
political reform of
third degree in
World’s Fair
Chicago Crime Commission
Chicago Daily News,
Chicago Herald-American,
Chicago Herald and Examiner,
Chicago Times,
Chicago Tribune
Child Study Association of America
Christie, Harold
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
Civil liberties
Civil Service Commission
Clarke, Mae
Cleveland "Torso Murderer,"
Clinical team method Clinton, Bill
Coffey, E. P.
Cold War
CIA role in
civil liberties during
deterrence theory
Korean War and
lavender scare
loyalty oaths and
McCarthyism and
nuclear secrets and,
torture during
Colson, Chuck
Columbia University
Comics
Communism
Condit, Gary
Confessions
Congressional Office of Technology Assessment
Control-question technique
Cosmic Religion
Court of Last Resort
Covert, Carol
Crawford, William
Crumpacker, Grant
Cryer, George E.
Darrow, Chester
Darwin, Charles
Daubert v. Merrell
(1993)
Day, James
Dean, Robert D.
Dean, William F.
Death penalty
Deceptographs
Defense, U.S. Department of/U.S. Army Polygraph Institute
de Mille, Agnes
Democratic National Convention (1932)
Depression, the
Desert Rock atomic test
Deterrence theory
Detroit Purple Gang
Dewey, John
"Dick Tracy" (Gould)
DISC test (dominance, influencing, steadiness, and conscientiousness)
Dostoevsky, Fydor
Downs, William H.
Drechsler, Werner
Dussaq, Katherine.
See
Keeler, Katherine (Kay) Applegate
Dussaq, René
Edwards, Hiram
Eighth Amendment to the Constitution
Einstein, Albert
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
Ekman, Paul
Electoral fraud
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Elizabeth I, Queen of England
Ellis, Havelock
E-Meter
Emotional management
Emotions of Normal People, The
(Marston)
Employee testing
Energy, U.S. Department of (DOE)
Equitable Pictures
Ervin, Sam
Eugenicists
Europe, lie detection and
Evanston, Illinois
Expert witnesses
Facial expressions
Farwell, Lawrence
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)
Federation of American Scientists
Feynman, Richard
Fifth Amendment to the Constitution
Fight-flight response
Fingerprint identification
Fisher, Jack
Flesh and the Devil
(movie)
Forensic sciences
DNA typing
fabric analysis
fingerprinting
forensic psychology
handwriting analysis
modus operandi
psychological profiling
Fort Wetherill, Rhode Island
Frank, Josette
Frankenstein
(1931 movie)
Free association
Freud, Sigmund
Frye, James Alphonso
Frye ruling of
functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Gaines, M. C.
Garbo, Greta
Gardner, Erle Stanley
General Electric Company
Geneva Convention
German prisoners of war
Gilbert, John
Gillette razors
Goddard, Calvin
Goldberg, Reuben Lucius
Gordon, Walter
Gould, Chester
Gracian’s Manual,
Graham, Helen (pseud.)
Graphology.
Green, Leon
Grignano, Tony
Guantánamo
Guilty-knowledge test
Gustafson, Anna
Hacking, Ian
Hall, G. Stanley
Hammel, Allen R.
Hammett, Dashiell
Handwriting analysis
Haney, George
Hanssen, Robert
Harvard Law Review,
Harvard University
Hauptmann, Bruno
Hawthorne experiments
Haywood, "Big Bill,"
Hazing rituals
Healy, William
Hearst, William Randolph
Heath, R. Lee
Heslin, Father
"Hidden Truth, The" (radio series)
Higazy, Abdallah
Hightower, William A.
Hill, Anita
Hiroshima
Hiss, Alger
Hitler, Adolf
Homeland Security, U.S. Department of
Homosexuality
Hoover, J. Edgar
Horner, Henry
House, R. E.
House Un-American Activities Committee
How to Win Friends and Influence People
(Carnegie)
Hull-House settlement, Chicago
Hunt, Lester
Hutchins, Franja
Hutchins, Robert
Hypnosis
If I Cry Release
(Rodger)
Illinois Bureau of Public Welfare Criminology Division
Illinois Crime Survey,
Inbau, Fred
Institute for Juvenile Research Chicago
Integrative Psychology
(Marston)
Intelligence testing
International Association of Chiefs of Police
International Criminal Police Commission
International Society of Police Psychiatry and Criminology
Iraq
Is Germany Incurable?
(Brickner)
"Jack Kennard, Coward" (Marston) James, Henry
James, William
Jenkins, Walter
Johns Hopkins Medical School
Johnson, David K.
Joliet penitentiary, Illinois
Jones, Paula
Judd, Winnie Ruth
Jung, Carl Gustav
Jurors
Juvenile delinquency
Kameny, Frank
Kansas Bar Association
Karloff, Boris
Keeler, Charles
Keeler, Eloise
Keeler, Katherine (Kay) Applegate
death of
detective agency owned by
as forensic scientist
health of
Leonarde, relationship with
marriage of
physical appearance of
in World War II
Keeler, Leonarde
Alger Hiss affair and
analysis and
Anderson case and
birth of