The New Nobility of the KGB (33 page)
Read The New Nobility of the KGB Online
Authors: Andrei Soldatov
Tags: #History, #Europe, #Russia & the Former Soviet Union, #Political Science, #General, #International Relations, #Security (National & International), #Intelligence & Espionage, #World, #Russian & Former Soviet Union, #Social Science, #Social Classes
6
Andrei Soldatov, “Podvid razvedchika” [A sort of spy],
Novaya Gazeta
, February 21, 2008.
Andrei Soldatov, “Podvid razvedchika” [A sort of spy],
Novaya Gazeta
, February 21, 2008.
7
Andrei Soldatov, “Kto na Novikova” [Who’s after Novikov],
Novaya Gazeta
, March 20, 2008.
Andrei Soldatov, “Kto na Novikova” [Who’s after Novikov],
Novaya Gazeta
, March 20, 2008.
8
Agence France-Presse, “Russian Who Says He Spied on Opposition Denied Asylum in Finland,” March 2, 2009.
Agence France-Presse, “Russian Who Says He Spied on Opposition Denied Asylum in Finland,” March 2, 2009.
1
Irina Borogan, “Anticrisisni paket Kremlya: Kak I dlya chego sostavlyaut ‘chernie’ spiski” [Anticrisis packet of the Kremlin: How and why the blacklists are formed],
Ezhednevny Journal
and agentura.ru, June 2, 2009.
Irina Borogan, “Anticrisisni paket Kremlya: Kak I dlya chego sostavlyaut ‘chernie’ spiski” [Anticrisis packet of the Kremlin: How and why the blacklists are formed],
Ezhednevny Journal
and agentura.ru, June 2, 2009.
2
Petr Tverdov, “Rashid Nurgaliev: ‘Mi ne dopustim razgula prestupnosti’” [Rashid Nurgaliev: “We do not let crimes happen”],
Nezavisimaya Gazeta
, February 10, 2009.
Petr Tverdov, “Rashid Nurgaliev: ‘Mi ne dopustim razgula prestupnosti’” [Rashid Nurgaliev: “We do not let crimes happen”],
Nezavisimaya Gazeta
, February 10, 2009.
3
BBC Russian Service, “MVD RF sozdalo sluzhbu po borbe s extremismom” [The Interior Ministry established the counterextremism service], April 23, 2009.
BBC Russian Service, “MVD RF sozdalo sluzhbu po borbe s extremismom” [The Interior Ministry established the counterextremism service], April 23, 2009.
4
Rossiyskaya Gazeta
,“FSB is afraid of possible cyber attacks by terrorists on the communications of state bodies,” April 15, 2009.
Rossiyskaya Gazeta
,“FSB is afraid of possible cyber attacks by terrorists on the communications of state bodies,” April 15, 2009.
5
“MVD: Yesterday, today, tomorrow,” Rashid Nurgaliev,
Rossiyskaya
, July 15, 2009.
“MVD: Yesterday, today, tomorrow,” Rashid Nurgaliev,
Rossiyskaya
, July 15, 2009.
6
Petr Tverdov, “Rashid Nurgaliev: ‘Mi ne dopustim razgula prestupnosti’ [Rashid Nurgaliev: “We do not let crimes happen”],
Nezavisimaya Gazeta
, February 10, 2009.
Petr Tverdov, “Rashid Nurgaliev: ‘Mi ne dopustim razgula prestupnosti’ [Rashid Nurgaliev: “We do not let crimes happen”],
Nezavisimaya Gazeta
, February 10, 2009.
7
Joint Decision of the General Prosecutor’s Office, the FSB, and the Interior Ministry, no. 270/27, 1/9789, 38, December 16, 2008.
Joint Decision of the General Prosecutor’s Office, the FSB, and the Interior Ministry, no. 270/27, 1/9789, 38, December 16, 2008.
8
Details are derived from the series of articles published by Irina Borogan in 2009 as a joint project of agentura.ru and
Ezhednevny Journal
for monitoring the government’s campaign against extremism.
Details are derived from the series of articles published by Irina Borogan in 2009 as a joint project of agentura.ru and
Ezhednevny Journal
for monitoring the government’s campaign against extremism.
9
Irina Borogan, “Anticrisisni paket Kremlya: Kak I dlya chego sostavlyaut ‘chernie’ spiski” [Anticrisis packet of the Kremlin: How and why the blacklists are formed],
Ezhednevny Journal
and agentura.ru, June 2, 2009.
Irina Borogan, “Anticrisisni paket Kremlya: Kak I dlya chego sostavlyaut ‘chernie’ spiski” [Anticrisis packet of the Kremlin: How and why the blacklists are formed],
Ezhednevny Journal
and agentura.ru, June 2, 2009.
10
Nezavisimaya Gazeta
, “Rashid Nurgaliev: ‘Glavnim kriteriem ocenki nashei raboti yavlayetsa doverie grazhdan’” [Rashid Nurgaliev: “The main criteria for our job’s assessment is the trust of citizens”], February 2, 2008.
Nezavisimaya Gazeta
, “Rashid Nurgaliev: ‘Glavnim kriteriem ocenki nashei raboti yavlayetsa doverie grazhdan’” [Rashid Nurgaliev: “The main criteria for our job’s assessment is the trust of citizens”], February 2, 2008.
11
“Yevgeny Martynov: Uroven technicheskogo osnachenia territorialnikh podrazdeleniy segodnya eshe ne pozvolyaet ikh avtomatizirovat v polnom obieme” [Yevgeny Martynov: The level of technical supply of regional departments does not let us automate the whole system], interview with the head of the program for installing the database, in the issue “Technologies in State Bodies,” cnews.ru, 2007.
“Yevgeny Martynov: Uroven technicheskogo osnachenia territorialnikh podrazdeleniy segodnya eshe ne pozvolyaet ikh avtomatizirovat v polnom obieme” [Yevgeny Martynov: The level of technical supply of regional departments does not let us automate the whole system], interview with the head of the program for installing the database, in the issue “Technologies in State Bodies,” cnews.ru, 2007.
12
The official site of the Department of the Interior Ministry in Ryazan, press release of the statement of First Deputy Minister Mikhail Sukhodolsky, February 12, 2009.
The official site of the Department of the Interior Ministry in Ryazan, press release of the statement of First Deputy Minister Mikhail Sukhodolsky, February 12, 2009.
13
Aleksander Rodionov, “V Rossii obyavlen novy etap borbi s ekstremismom-Internetu I blogosphere pridetsya tugo” [A new stage in the struggle against extremism is announced], Novy Region news agency, April 29, 2009.
Aleksander Rodionov, “V Rossii obyavlen novy etap borbi s ekstremismom-Internetu I blogosphere pridetsya tugo” [A new stage in the struggle against extremism is announced], Novy Region news agency, April 29, 2009.
14
The details of the contract can be found at the state Web site,
www.zakupki.gov.ru
, where are all state contracts are listed.
The details of the contract can be found at the state Web site,
www.zakupki.gov.ru
, where are all state contracts are listed.
15
Irina Borogan, “Antikrisizni paket Kremlya: Dlya chego nuzhna baza dannikh extremist” [Anticrisis measures of the Kremlin: Why they need the database on extremists],
Ezhednevny Journal
and agentura.ru, July 1, 2009.
Irina Borogan, “Antikrisizni paket Kremlya: Dlya chego nuzhna baza dannikh extremist” [Anticrisis measures of the Kremlin: Why they need the database on extremists],
Ezhednevny Journal
and agentura.ru, July 1, 2009.
16
The Constitution of the Russian Federation in English,
www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm
.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation in English,
www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm
.
17
Nina Ognyanova,“Attack on the Press 2007: Europe Analysis; Rewriting the Law to Make Journalism a Crime,” Committee to Protect Journalists, February 2, 2008.
Nina Ognyanova,“Attack on the Press 2007: Europe Analysis; Rewriting the Law to Make Journalism a Crime,” Committee to Protect Journalists, February 2, 2008.
18
Committee to Protect Journalists, “President Signs Law Labeling Criticism of State Officials ‘Extremism,’” July 28, 2006.
Committee to Protect Journalists, “President Signs Law Labeling Criticism of State Officials ‘Extremism,’” July 28, 2006.
19
Yulia Galyamina and Anastasia Aksenova, “Deja vu in dissident view,” kasparov.ru, June 16, 2009.
Yulia Galyamina and Anastasia Aksenova, “Deja vu in dissident view,” kasparov.ru, June 16, 2009.
1
Government Decision no. 482, September 17, 2005. (These cars are not intended to be used for urgent actions. For these purposes, the FSB purchased in December 2008 a fleet of vehicles specially painted and equipped with the insignia FSB OF RUSSIA or BORDER GUARD SERVICE and an emblem of the FSB [
axisglobe.com
,“Vehicles of Russian Federal Security Service to Have New Signs of Distinction,” January 18, 2009].)
Government Decision no. 482, September 17, 2005. (These cars are not intended to be used for urgent actions. For these purposes, the FSB purchased in December 2008 a fleet of vehicles specially painted and equipped with the insignia FSB OF RUSSIA or BORDER GUARD SERVICE and an emblem of the FSB [
axisglobe.com
,“Vehicles of Russian Federal Security Service to Have New Signs of Distinction,” January 18, 2009].)
2
According to advertisements published at the Web sites
www.rublevka-online.ru
and
www.rublevka.osan.ru
.
According to advertisements published at the Web sites
www.rublevka-online.ru
and
www.rublevka.osan.ru
.
3
Irina Borogan, “Chekisti pashut kak loshadi” [Chekists work like horses],
Novaya Gazeta
, March 23, 2006. The full list of the landowners is available at the Web site
www.novayagazeta.ru
.
Irina Borogan, “Chekisti pashut kak loshadi” [Chekists work like horses],
Novaya Gazeta
, March 23, 2006. The full list of the landowners is available at the Web site
www.novayagazeta.ru
.
4
Sergei Minenko and Dmitri Simakin,“Rublyovku zaminirovali” [Rublevka is mined],
Nezavisimaya Gazeta
, March 31, 2006; RIA Novosti, “Property of Oleg Deripaska: Profile,” December 22, 2008.
Sergei Minenko and Dmitri Simakin,“Rublyovku zaminirovali” [Rublevka is mined],
Nezavisimaya Gazeta
, March 31, 2006; RIA Novosti, “Property of Oleg Deripaska: Profile,” December 22, 2008.
5
See Web site
www.kraya.ru
, the section on real estate.
See Web site
www.kraya.ru
, the section on real estate.
6
Irina Borogan, “Chekisti pashut kak loshadi” [Chekists work like horses],
Novaya Gazeta
, March 23, 2006.
Irina Borogan, “Chekisti pashut kak loshadi” [Chekists work like horses],
Novaya Gazeta
, March 23, 2006.
7
Federal Agency for State Property Management letter, no. CE-08/16064, June 13, 2006.
Federal Agency for State Property Management letter, no. CE-08/16064, June 13, 2006.
8
Andrei Soldatov, “Polkovnik pishet v Evropeisky Sud” [The colonel writes to the European Court],
Novaya Gazeta
, October 23, 2008.
Andrei Soldatov, “Polkovnik pishet v Evropeisky Sud” [The colonel writes to the European Court],
Novaya Gazeta
, October 23, 2008.
9
On January 14, 2010, the European Court ruled in a related case on the petition of one group of military and FSB servicemen who had complained that their pensions were too low. Among the petitioners was Innokenty Osipov, a retired FSB officer who sought a higher pension for his years of service. The court decided that the Russian authorities should pay Osipov 418,244 rubles, or 11,370 euros. European Court, First Section,“Case of Kazakevich and 9 other army pensioners’ cases v. Russia,” Judgment, Strasbourg, January 14, 2010.
On January 14, 2010, the European Court ruled in a related case on the petition of one group of military and FSB servicemen who had complained that their pensions were too low. Among the petitioners was Innokenty Osipov, a retired FSB officer who sought a higher pension for his years of service. The court decided that the Russian authorities should pay Osipov 418,244 rubles, or 11,370 euros. European Court, First Section,“Case of Kazakevich and 9 other army pensioners’ cases v. Russia,” Judgment, Strasbourg, January 14, 2010.
10
Ugryumov died in May 2001.
Ugryumov died in May 2001.
11
On April 26, 2007, Vladimir Putin signed decree no. 545, conferring on Patrushev the Order of Honor for his professional successes and “his many years of service in the economic sphere.”
On April 26, 2007, Vladimir Putin signed decree no. 545, conferring on Patrushev the Order of Honor for his professional successes and “his many years of service in the economic sphere.”
12
Dmitry Butrin and Boris Gorlin, “Nagrada nashla rodnyu geroya” [The award found the family of the hero],
Kommersant
, May 3, 2007.
Dmitry Butrin and Boris Gorlin, “Nagrada nashla rodnyu geroya” [The award found the family of the hero],
Kommersant
, May 3, 2007.
13
Darya Pylnova and Dmitry Shkrylev, “Kto prinyal na grud” [Who was awarded],
Novaya Gazeta
, December 25, 2006.
Darya Pylnova and Dmitry Shkrylev, “Kto prinyal na grud” [Who was awarded],
Novaya Gazeta
, December 25, 2006.
1
FSB press release,“V FSB Rossii podvodilis itogi vystuplenia voleibolnogo cluba Dynamo-Moskva” [Russia’s FSB analyzes the results of the volleyball club Dynamo-Moscow], October 23, 2002, available at
www.fsb.ru
.
FSB press release,“V FSB Rossii podvodilis itogi vystuplenia voleibolnogo cluba Dynamo-Moskva” [Russia’s FSB analyzes the results of the volleyball club Dynamo-Moscow], October 23, 2002, available at
www.fsb.ru
.
2
I. Trisvyatsky, “Posle specoperacii director FSB prishel bolet za Dinamo” [After the special operation, FSB director came to support the Dynamo team],
Sovetsky Sport
, October 28, 2002.
I. Trisvyatsky, “Posle specoperacii director FSB prishel bolet za Dinamo” [After the special operation, FSB director came to support the Dynamo team],
Sovetsky Sport
, October 28, 2002.
3
Dynamo official Web site:
www.dynamo.ru
.
Dynamo official Web site:
www.dynamo.ru
.
4
Ibid.
Ibid.
5
Decree of the President, Russian Federation, no. 241, February 21, 1996.
Decree of the President, Russian Federation, no. 241, February 21, 1996.
6
Order of the Director of the Border Service, no. 713, December 27, 1999.
Order of the Director of the Border Service, no. 713, December 27, 1999.
7
Dynamo press release, April 22, 2009. See
www.dynamo.ru
.
Dynamo press release, April 22, 2009. See
www.dynamo.ru
.
8
See the national volleyball federation Web site:
www.volley.ru
.
See the national volleyball federation Web site:
www.volley.ru
.
9
In January 1991 Golovatov commanded the Alpha group sent to Lithuania to storm a television station in Vilnius that had been captured by adherents of independence. A total of fourteen people died, including one Alpha officer. Golovatov resigned a year later, because, as he conceded later,“the president of Lithuania required Yeltsin to deliver a list of ‘enemies of the Lithuanian people,’ and I was no. 5 on this list. . . . On these grounds I made the decision to resign.”
Veterani,
“Istoria v licah: Interview Michaila Vasilievicha Golovatova,” nos. 6-7, June 13, 2008.
In January 1991 Golovatov commanded the Alpha group sent to Lithuania to storm a television station in Vilnius that had been captured by adherents of independence. A total of fourteen people died, including one Alpha officer. Golovatov resigned a year later, because, as he conceded later,“the president of Lithuania required Yeltsin to deliver a list of ‘enemies of the Lithuanian people,’ and I was no. 5 on this list. . . . On these grounds I made the decision to resign.”
Veterani,
“Istoria v licah: Interview Michaila Vasilievicha Golovatova,” nos. 6-7, June 13, 2008.
10
Allsport Web site, “Glavnim trenerom Sbornoi Rossii po svinbolu stal nachalnik Centralnogo pogranichnogo cluba FSB” [“The main trainer of the Russian pig-racing team became a chief of FSB Central Border Club”], October 30, 2006.
Allsport Web site, “Glavnim trenerom Sbornoi Rossii po svinbolu stal nachalnik Centralnogo pogranichnogo cluba FSB” [“The main trainer of the Russian pig-racing team became a chief of FSB Central Border Club”], October 30, 2006.
1
Vechernyaa Moskva
, “Na zdanii FSB snova poyavilsa profil Andropova” [On FSB building, the profile of Andropov is resurrected], December 21, 1999.
Vechernyaa Moskva
, “Na zdanii FSB snova poyavilsa profil Andropova” [On FSB building, the profile of Andropov is resurrected], December 21, 1999.
2
Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin,
The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West
(London: Gardners Books, 1999).
Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin,
The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West
(London: Gardners Books, 1999).
3
In 1968 Andropov issued a KGB chairman’s order, “On the tasks of state security agencies in combatting the ideological sabotage by the adversary,” calling for struggle against dissidents and their imperialist masters. See also A.I. Kokurin and I.V. Petrov,
Lubyanka. Organi VchK-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB 1917-1991
[Lubyanka organs: VchK-NKVD-NKGB- MGB-MVD-KGB 1917-1991] (Moscow: Fond Demokratia, 2003).
In 1968 Andropov issued a KGB chairman’s order, “On the tasks of state security agencies in combatting the ideological sabotage by the adversary,” calling for struggle against dissidents and their imperialist masters. See also A.I. Kokurin and I.V. Petrov,
Lubyanka. Organi VchK-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB 1917-1991
[Lubyanka organs: VchK-NKVD-NKGB- MGB-MVD-KGB 1917-1991] (Moscow: Fond Demokratia, 2003).
4
Vladimir Solovyov and Elena Klepikova,
Yuri Andropov: A Secret Passage into the Kremlin
, translated by Guy Daniels (New York: Macmillan, 1983), pp. 131-132.
Vladimir Solovyov and Elena Klepikova,
Yuri Andropov: A Secret Passage into the Kremlin
, translated by Guy Daniels (New York: Macmillan, 1983), pp. 131-132.
5
The start of campaign to present Dzerzhinsky as a great economist coincided with the election of Yuri Andropov as general secretary. In 1982 the Znamya literary journal published an article devoted to Dzerzhinsky’s work in the Economic Council. In 1987 the second rash of mythmaking occurred on the 110th anniversary of the birth of Dzerzhinsky. A major article by prominent Soviet journalist and propagandist Otto Latsis entitled “In the Stream of Revolutionary Building” was published in
Izvestia
. Now Felix Dzerzhinsky was served up as an ideologue of the New Economic Policy (NEP). It merely stated that “It is difficult to overestimate the role of Dzerzhinsky in the revival of the country’s economy, in the development in practice of the Leninist ideas of economic responsibility, self-financing, and socialist planning.” The popularity of Dzerzhinsky was further promoted when in the early 1980s three film blockbusters devoted to Dzerzhinsky were produced by the KGB and aired on Soviet TV.
The start of campaign to present Dzerzhinsky as a great economist coincided with the election of Yuri Andropov as general secretary. In 1982 the Znamya literary journal published an article devoted to Dzerzhinsky’s work in the Economic Council. In 1987 the second rash of mythmaking occurred on the 110th anniversary of the birth of Dzerzhinsky. A major article by prominent Soviet journalist and propagandist Otto Latsis entitled “In the Stream of Revolutionary Building” was published in
Izvestia
. Now Felix Dzerzhinsky was served up as an ideologue of the New Economic Policy (NEP). It merely stated that “It is difficult to overestimate the role of Dzerzhinsky in the revival of the country’s economy, in the development in practice of the Leninist ideas of economic responsibility, self-financing, and socialist planning.” The popularity of Dzerzhinsky was further promoted when in the early 1980s three film blockbusters devoted to Dzerzhinsky were produced by the KGB and aired on Soviet TV.
6
Nikolai Patrushev, “Taina Andropova” [The mystery of Andropov],
Rossiyskaya Gazeta
, June 15, 2004.
Nikolai Patrushev, “Taina Andropova” [The mystery of Andropov],
Rossiyskaya Gazeta
, June 15, 2004.
7
“Luzhkov podtverdil svoe jelanie vernut Felixa na Lubyanku” [Luzhkov confirmed his will to get Felix back to Lubyanka Square], grani.ru, September 14, 2002.
“Luzhkov podtverdil svoe jelanie vernut Felixa na Lubyanku” [Luzhkov confirmed his will to get Felix back to Lubyanka Square], grani.ru, September 14, 2002.
8
Radio Free Europe, “Andropov’s Ghost,” February 9, 2009.
Radio Free Europe, “Andropov’s Ghost,” February 9, 2009.
9
“Vladimir Shults: Our task, as it was early—to prevent a crime,”
Nasha Vlast’: Dela i Litsa
no. 4 (2001).
“Vladimir Shults: Our task, as it was early—to prevent a crime,”
Nasha Vlast’: Dela i Litsa
no. 4 (2001).
10
There were also personal reasons for promoting Andropov’s image. Karelia was the key region in Andropov’s career; he was a party official there before he went to Hungary, and the respectful KGB/FSB department created a cult over Andropov and his activity in the region guaranteeing the region special status in the eyes of Moscow. It is generally thought that Putin mostly recruited his colleagues from the FSB department in St. Petersburg to fill posts in Moscow. In fact it was a bit more complicated than this. The district of St. Petersburg is close to Karelia, considered to be important as it shares a border with Finland. FSB officers who served in Karelia kept close ties with their colleagues in St. Petersburg; some of them, like Nikolai Patrushev, director of the FSB in 1999-2008, served in both Karelia and St. Petersburg. Many colonels and generals in high positions in the FSB had previous experience in Karelia. Among them were Rashid Nurgaliev, who was appointed in 2000 as deputy director of the FSB and in 2004 headed the Ministry of Internal Affairs; Vyacheslav Ushakov, in 2003 appointed as deputy director of the FSB; Vladimir Anisimov, deputy director in 2004-2005; and Vladimir Pronichev, who in 2003 headed the border service of the FSB with the rank of first deputy director.
There were also personal reasons for promoting Andropov’s image. Karelia was the key region in Andropov’s career; he was a party official there before he went to Hungary, and the respectful KGB/FSB department created a cult over Andropov and his activity in the region guaranteeing the region special status in the eyes of Moscow. It is generally thought that Putin mostly recruited his colleagues from the FSB department in St. Petersburg to fill posts in Moscow. In fact it was a bit more complicated than this. The district of St. Petersburg is close to Karelia, considered to be important as it shares a border with Finland. FSB officers who served in Karelia kept close ties with their colleagues in St. Petersburg; some of them, like Nikolai Patrushev, director of the FSB in 1999-2008, served in both Karelia and St. Petersburg. Many colonels and generals in high positions in the FSB had previous experience in Karelia. Among them were Rashid Nurgaliev, who was appointed in 2000 as deputy director of the FSB and in 2004 headed the Ministry of Internal Affairs; Vyacheslav Ushakov, in 2003 appointed as deputy director of the FSB; Vladimir Anisimov, deputy director in 2004-2005; and Vladimir Pronichev, who in 2003 headed the border service of the FSB with the rank of first deputy director.
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