The New Penguin History of the World
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Authors: J. M. Roberts,Odd Arne Westad
PENGUIN BOOKS
THE NEW PENGUIN HISTORY OF THE WORLD
J. M. Roberts was born in Bath and educated at Taunton School and Keble College, Oxford. After National Service he returned to Oxford in 1950 and became a fellow of Magdalen the following year. In 1953 he went to the United States as Commonwealth Fund Fellow, the first of several visits to America during which he held, among other posts, those of Member of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton (1960), and visiting professorships at the University of South Carolina and Columbia University, New York. He was a Fellow and Tutor of Merton College, Oxford, from 1953 to 1979. From 1979 to 1985 he was Vice-Chancellor of Southampton University. He then returned to the Wardenship of Merton in 1985, from which he retired in 1994. In 1996 he was appointed CBE for ‘services to education and history’.
Dr Roberts edited the popular and successful partwork publication
Purnell’s History of the Twentieth Century
. From 1967 to 1976 he was joint editor of the
English Historical Review
. He is the author of
Europe 1880–1945
,
The Mythology of the Secret Societies
,
The Paris Commune from the Right
,
The Age of Revolution and Improvement
and
The French Revolution
. In 1985 BBC2 transmitted the thirteen-part historical series
The Triumph of the West
, which Dr Roberts wrote and presented, and later in the year he published his book of the same title. He was historical adviser to the successful BBC television series
People’s Century
.
Dr Roberts was also the author of
The Penguin History of Europe
and
The Penguin History of the Twentieth Century
. Dr Roberts died in May 2003.
Odd Arne Westad is Professor of International History at the London School of Economics. He is most recently the author of
The Global Cold War
, which won the Bancroft Prize.
J. M. ROBERTS
The New Penguin
History of the World
FIFTH EDITION
Updated and revised buy Odd Arne Westad
PENGUIN BOOKS
PENGUIN BOOKS
Published by the Penguin Group
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, England
First published in Great Britain as
The Hutchinson History of the World
by Hutchinson in 1976
First published in the United States of America, in slightly different form, as
History of the
World
by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1976
Revised edition published as
The Pelican History of the World
in Pelican Books 1980
Reprinted with revisions 1983
Revised edition published by Hutchinson 1987
Published with revisions in Pelican Books 1988
Reprinted as
The Penguin History of the World
in Penguin Books 1990
Third revised edition published as
History of the World
by Helicon Publishing 1992
Published as
The Penguin History of the World
, without illustrations, in Penguin Books 1995
Fourth revised edition published as
The New Penguin History of the World
by Allen Lane 2002
Published in Penguin Books 2004
Fifth edition published with revisions 2007
1
Copyright © J. M. Roberts, 1976, 1980, 1983, 1987, 1988, 1992, 1997, 2002
Maps copyright © Helicon Publishing Ltd., 1992
Revisions copyright © Odd Arne Westad, 2007
All rights reserved
The moral right of the author has been asserted
Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject
to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent,
re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s
prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in
which it is published and without a similar condition including this
condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser
EISBN: 978–0–141–90089–6
Contents
List of Maps
Preface to Fifth Edition
BOOK ONE
BEFORE HISTORY – BEGINNINGS
Introduction
1 The Foundations
2
Homo Sapiens
3 The Possibility of Civilization
BOOK TWO
THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS
Introduction
1 Early Civilized Life
2 Ancient Mesopotamia
3 Ancient Egypt
4 Intruders and Invaders: The Dark Ages of the Ancient Near East
5 The Beginnings of Civilization in Eastern Asia
6 The Other Worlds of the Ancient Past
7 The End of the Old World
BOOK THREE
THE CLASSICAL MEDITERRANEAN
Introduction
1 The Roots of One World
2 The Greeks
3 Greek Civilization
4 The Hellenistic World
5 Rome
6 The Roman Achievement
7 Jewry and the Coming of Christianity
8 The Waning of the Classical West
9 The Elements of a Future
BOOK FOUR
THE AGE OF DIVERGING TRADITIONS
Introduction
1 Islam and the Remaking of the Near East
2 The Arab Empires
3 Byzantium and Its Sphere
4 The Disputed Legacies of the Near East
5 The Making of Europe
6 India
7 Imperial China
8 Japan
9 Worlds Apart
10 Europe: the First Revolution
BOOK FIVE
THE MAKING OF THE EUROPEAN AGE
Introduction
1 A New Kind of Society: Early Modern Europe
2 Authority and Its Challengers
3 The New World of Great Powers
4 Europe’s Assault on the World
5 World History’s New Shape
6 Ideas Old and New
BOOK SIX
THE GREAT ACCELERATION
Introduction
1 Long-term Change
2 Political Change in an Age of Revolution
3 Political Change: A New Europe
4 Political Change: The Anglo-Saxon World
5 The European World Hegemony
6 European Imperialism and Imperial Rule
7 Asia’s Response to a Europeanizing World
BOOK SEVEN
THE END OF THE EUROPEANS’ WORLD
Introduction
1 Strains in the System
2 The Era of the First World War
3 A New Asia in the Making
4 The Ottoman Heritage and the Western Islamic Lands
5 The Second World War
6 The Shaping of a New World
Introduction
1 Perspectives
2 A New World Order
3 Crumbling Certainties
4 The Closing of an Era
5 Openings and Closures
Index
List of Maps
Sites of some Celebrated Discoveries of Hominid Fossils
Climatic Changes in the Sahara
Civilizations of the Near East
The Persian Empire of the Achaemenids
The Hellenistic World soon after 200
BC
Major Roads, Cities and Garrisons of the Empire in the Age of the Antonines
The Making of the Eastern Roman Empire
Islam beyond the Arab World until 1800
The Byzantine Empire c. 1265 and c. 1354
The Growth of Venice as a Mediterranean Power
South-eastern Europe about 1400
Christendom before the Islamic Conquest
Christendom in the Eleventh Century
European Universities Founded before 1500
European Trading Stations and Possessions in Africa and Asia c. 1750
Reformation and Counter-Reformation Europe