The Northern Crusades (2 page)
Read The Northern Crusades Online
Authors: Eric Christiansen
Tags: #History, #bought-and-paid-for, #Religion
Denmark
Nicholas (1104–34)
Eric II (1134–7)
Eric III (1137–46)
Sweyn III (1146–54)
Canute V (1146–52, 1154–7)
Valdemar I (1157–82)
Canute VI (1182–1202)
Valdemar II (1202–41)
Eric IV (1241–50)
Abel (1250–52)
Christopher I (1252–9)
Eric V (1259–86)
Eric VI (1286–1320)
Christopher II (1320–26)
Valdemar III (1326–30)
Valdemar IV (1340–75)
Oluf (1375–87)
Sweden
Canute Eriksson (1167–96)
Sverker II Karlsson (1196–1208)
Eric X Knutsson (1208–16)
John Sverkersson (1216–22)
Canute (1229–34)
Eric XI (1222–9, 1234–50)
Valdemar (1250–75)
Magnus I (1275–90)
Birger (1290–1319)
Magnus II (1319–63)
Albert (1364–89)
Margaret I of Denmark (1387) and of Sweden (1389–1412)
Eric VII and XIII (1396–1439)
Christopher III (1439–48)
Christian I (1448–81 in Denmark, 1457–61 in Sweden)
John (1481–1513; with Sten Sture regent of Sweden 1470–97, 1501–3)
Mindaugas (Mindowe) (
c.
1219–63; king from 1253)
Treniota (Troinat) (1263–4)
Vaisvilkas (1265–7)
Traidenis (Troyden) (
c.
1270–82)
Pukuveras (
c.
1282–92)
Vytenis (1293–1315)
Gediminas (1315–41)
Algirdas (Olgerd) (1345–77)
Kestutis (Kynstut) (1377–82)
Jogaila and Vytautas (Witold) in dispute 1382–92
Jogaila (1382–92) becomes Wladyslaw IV of Poland (1386–1434)
Skirgaila (1387–96)
Vytautas (Witold) (1392–1430)
Svitrigaila (1430–32)
Sigismund (1432–40)
(
Note
: Lithuanian spellings given first, German forms in parentheses)
(
Note
: many spellings vary; the
von
(v.) indicates either place of origin or family name, sometimes both.)
| Prussia | Livonia |
| PROVINCIAL MASTERS | PROVINCIAL MASTERS |
| Hermann Balk (1230–39) | [as Prussia] (1237–8) |
| Heinrich v. Weide (1239–44) | Dietrich v. Grüningen (1238–42, 1244–6) |
| Poppo v. Osternach (1244–6) | Heinrich v. Heimburg (?) |
| Dietrich v. Grüningen (1246–59) | Andreas v. Stierland (1248–53) |
| Hartmut v. Grünbach (1259–61) | Anno v. Sangershausen (1253–6) |
| Helmeric v. Rechberg (1262–3) | Burchard v. Hornhausen (1256–60) |
| MASTERS OF PRUSSIA ( continued ) | MASTERS OF LIVONIA ( continued ) |
| Johann v. Wegleben (1263) | Werner v. Breithausen (1261–3) |
| Ludwig v. Baldersheim (1263–9) | Konrad v. Manderen (1263–6) |
| Dietrich v. Gattersleben (1271–3) | Otto v. Luterberg (1266–70) |
| Conrad v. Thierberg (1273–9, 1283–8) | Walther v. Nordeck (1270–72) |
| Ernst v. Ratzeburg (1272–9) | |
| Conrad v. Feuchtwangen (1279–80) | [as Prussia] (1279–81) |
| Mangold v. Sternberg (1280–83) | [as Prussia] (1281–3) |
| Meinhard v. Querfurt (1288–99) | Willekin v. Schurburg (1283–7) |
| Conrad v. Babenberg (1299) | Cuno v. Herzogenstein (1288–90) |
| Luder v. Schippen (1299–1300) | Halt v. Hohembach (1290–93) |
| Helwig v. Goldbach (1300–1302) | Heinrich v. Dumpershagen (1294–5) |
| Conrad Sack (1302–6) | Bruno (1296–8) |
| Sieghard v. Schwartzburg (1306) | Gottfried v. Rogga (1298–1306?) |
| Heinrich v. Plotzke (1307–9) (then grand-commander) | |
| GRAND-MASTERS AT MARIENBURG (1309–1457) | |
| Siegfried v. Feuchtwangen (1309–11) | Gerhard v. Jocke (1309–22) |
| Carl v. Trier (1311–24) | Johannes Ungenade (1322–3) |
| Werener v. Orseln (1324–30) | Reimar Hane (1323–?) |
| Duke Luder of Brunswick (1331–5) | Eberhard Monheim (1328–40) |
| Dietrich v. Altenburg (1335–41) | Burchard v. Dreileben (1340–45) |
| Ludolf König (1342–5) | Goswin v. Hercke (1345–60) |
| Heinrich Dusmer (1345–51) | Arnold v. Vietinghof (1360–64) |
| Winrich v. Kniprode (1352–82) | Wilhelm v. Vrimersheim (1364–85) |
| Conrad Zöllner v. Rothenstein (1382–90) | Robin v. Eltz (1385–8) |
| GRAND-MASTERS AT MARIENBURG ( continued ) | MASTERS OF LIVONIA ( continued ) |
| Conrad v. Wallenrod (1391–3) | Wennemar Hasenkamp v. Brüggeneye (1389–1401) |
| Conrad v. Jungingen (1393–1407) | Conrad v. Vietinghof (1401–13) |
| Ulrich v. Jungingen (1407–10) | |
| Heinrich v. Plauen (1410–13) | |
| Michael Kuchmeister v. Sternberg (1414–22) | Dietrich Tork (1413–15) |
| Sievert Lander v. Spanheim (1415–24) | |
| Paul v. Russdorf (1422–41) | Cisso v. Rutenberg (1424–33) |
| Conrad v. Erlichshausen (1441–9) | Franke v. Kersdorf (1433–5) |
| Ludwig v. Erlichshausen (1450–67) | Heinrich Schlungel v. Buckenvorde (1435–8) |
| Hei(de)nrich Vinke v. Overbergen (1438–50) | |
| GRAND-MASTERS AT KöNIGSBERG | |
| Heinrich Reuss v. Plauen (1469–70) | Johann Osthof v. Mengden (1450–69) |
| Heinrich Reffle v. Richtenberg (1470–77) | Johann Wolthus v. Herse (1470–71) |
| Martin Truchess v. Wetzhausen (1477–89) | Bernt v. der Borg (1471–83) |
| Johann v. Tiefen (1489–97) | Johann Freitag v. Loringhoven (1485–94) |
| Duke Frederick of Saxony (1498–1510) | Wolter v. Plettenberg (1494–1535) |
| Margrave Albert of Brandenburg–Ansbach (1511–25); duke of Prussia (1525–68) | Hermann Hasenkamp v. Brüggeneye (1535–49) |
| Johann v. Recke (1549–51) | |
| Heinrich v. Gallen (1551–7) | |
| Johann Wilhelm v. Fürstenburg (1557–9) | |
| Gotthard Kettler (1559–62); duke of Courland and Semigallia (1562–87) |
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (1223, 1226–8, 1230–36)
Alexander Nevsky (1236–40, 1241–55, 1255–63)
Yaroslav, his brother (1265–7, 1270–71)
Yury of Suzdal (1268–9)
Alexander’s sons:
Dmitri (1272, 1277–81, 1284–93)
Andrey (1282, 1293–1304)
Michael of Tver (1308–10, 1315–18)
Dmitri of Bryansk (1311–14)
Yury of Moscow (1314–15, 1318–24)
Ivan of Moscow (1329–39), with Narimont/Gleb of Lithuania in the western provinces (1333–45)
Simeon of Moscow (1346–53)
Dmitri of Suzdal (1360)
Dmitri Ivanovich of Moscow (1367)
Personal names are given in anglicized forms where they exist, but not necessarily in English forms: e.g. Casimir rather than Kazimierz, but Ivan rather than John. Otherwise, the spelling follows that used nowadays in the languages descended from the languages spoken by the persons named: e.g. Lithuanian rulers get modern Lithuanian spellings, however imaginary, except Vytautas, who is Witold because that is what he is called in English. Low Germans get High-Germanized; Baltic Slavs are left spelt more or less as in their own documents, not as in Polish.
Place names are ticklish, because most of the places mentioned have been claimed and settled by speakers of more than one language at different periods. Again, where anglicized forms exist, they have been used, and, if they happen also to be German forms, the coincidence is unavoidable. Otherwise, towns and villages are spelt as in the languages descended from the languages used by those who ruled them at the time: e.g. Prussian towns and Livonian towns in German, Finnish towns in Swedish. Great rivers get their English names; small rivers and small lakes the names used by the states in which they now lie.
Alternative forms – usually the post-1945 form – are given in brackets.
Throughout this period, silver pennies of all sorts circulated in the countries round the Baltic. They were reckoned in notional totals of shillings, or öres, and marks, so that a Danish mark was made up of 8 öres or 240 pennies; a Prussian mark, of 24 scot or 720 pennies; a Riga mark of 36 shillings or 48 öre or 432 pennies. The Lübeck mark of 16 shillings or 192 pennies might equal 3 to 4 shillings sterling
c.
1300. But there were also real weights of silver: up to
c.
1300 the Gotland mark was predominant and later the mark of Cologne (8¼ oz: 234 g). From 1340 Lübeck minted a gold florin or gulden worth half a silver mark and upwards, which competed with the gold Hungarian ducat thereafter, while the new silver groat of Prague passed at 60 to the Cologne mark. North of Livonia pennies were reckoned by notional bundles of fur, so that 6 or 7 pence made 1 nogata, 20 nogaty 1 grivna, or 4–8 oz silver weight at Novgorod.
MAP 1
The Baltic Region, 1100
MAP 2
The Wendish Crusades, 1147–85
MAP 3
The Livonian and Estonian Crusades, 1198–1290
MAP 4
The Prussian Crusades, 1230–83