The Procrastination Equation (25 page)

²⁴
Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863.

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Wansink, B. (2006). Mindless eating: Why we eat more than we think. New York: Bantam-Dell.

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Ariely, D., Loewenstein, G., & Prelec, D. (2006). Tom Sawyer and the construction of value. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 60(1), 1–10.

Lindstrom, M. (2005). BRAND sense: Build powerful brands through touch, taste, smell, sight, and sound. New York: Free Press.

Ramanathan, S., & Menon, G. (2006). Time-varying effects of chronic hedonic goals on impulsive behavior. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(4), 628–641.

Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863.

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Caird, J., Willness, C. R., Steel, P., & Scialfa, C. (2008). A meta-analysis of the effects of cell phones on driver performance. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(4), 1282–1293.

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Strictly speaking, there were a few other categories but all in the same genre, such as Shazam for “Music” or the Virtual Zippo Lighter for “Lifestyle.”

²⁹
Huxley, A. (2004). Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited. New York: HarperCollins.

³⁰
Postman, N. (1985). Amusing ourselves to death: Public discourse in the age of show business. New York: Penguin Group.

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Offer, A. (2006). The challenge of affluence: Self-control and well-being in the United States and Britain since 1950. New York: Oxford University Press.

Novotney, A. (July/August, 2008). What'$ behind American con$umeri$m? Monitor on Psychology, 39(7), 40–42.

Vyse, S. (2008). Going broke: Why Americans can’t hold on to their money. New York: Oxford University Press.

³²
Davenport, T., & Beck, J. (2001). The Attention Economy: Understanding the new currency of business. Harvard Business School Press.

Shenk, D. (1997). Data smog: Surviving the information glut. New York: HarperCollins.

Chapter Five

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Ferrari, J. R., Barnes, K. L., & Steel, P. (2009). Life regrets by avoidant and arousal procrastinators: Why put off today what you will regret tomorrow? Journal of Individual Differences, 30(3), 163–168.

Roese, N. J., & Summerville, A. (2005). What we regret most . . . and why. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(9), 1273–1285.

²
Steel, P., Schmidt, J., & Shultz, J. (2008). Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 134(1), 138–161.

³
Baer, M., & Oldham, G. R. (2006). The curvilinear relation between experienced creative time pressure and creativity: Moderating effects of openness to experience and support for creativity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 963–970.

Amabile, T. M., Hadley, C. N., & Kramer, S. J. (2002). Creativity under the gun. Harvard Business Review, 80(8), 52–61.

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Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94.

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Pychyl, T. A., Lee, J. M., Thibodeau, R., & Blunt, A. (2000). Five days of emotion: An experience-sampling study of undergraduate student procrastination. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 239–254.

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Patry, D. A., Blanchard, C. M., & Mask, L. (2007). Measuring university students' regulatory leisure coping styles: planned breathers or avoidance? Leisure Sciences, 29(3), 247–265.

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Bernold, L. E. (2007). Preparedness of engineering freshman to inquiry-based learning. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 133, 99–106.

Doherty, W. (2006). An analysis of multiple factors affecting retention in Web-based community college courses. The Internet and Higher Education, 9(4), 245–255.

Finck, J., & DeLine, A. (2008). Do students listen to advice from their experienced peers? College Teaching Methods & Styles Journal, 4(9), 19–26.

Laven, A. V. (2007). Freshmen college student mental health and their resource usage. Unpublished EdD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.

Moore, B. (2006). Goal conflicts, self-regulation, and course completion: A comparison of Web-based learners to traditional classroom learners. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.

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Bair, C. R., & Haworth, J. G. (2004). Doctoral student attrition and persistence: A meta-synthesis of research. Higher education: Handbook of theory and research, 19, 481–534.

Green, G. D. (1981). Dissertation procrastination. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Muszynski, S. Y., & Akamatsu, T. J. (1991). Delay in completion of doctoral dissertations in clinical psychology. Professional Psychology—Research & Practice, 22(2), 119–123.

Mariano, C. M. (1993). A study of Ed.D.s, Ph.D.s and ABDs in educational administration (dissertation completion, Ed.D. candidates, Ph.D. candidates). Unpublished EdD dissertation, Boston College, Boston, MA.

Pullen, F. J. (2003). Perfectionism, procrastination, and other self-reported barriers to completing the doctoral dissertation. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Iowa, New Haven, IA.

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Based on the average salary difference between those with a Master’s and those with a Doctorate education.

Lacey, J. & Crosby, O. (2005). Job outlook for college graduates. Occupational Outlook Quarterly, 48(4), 15–27.

¹⁰
Lay, C. H., & Brokenshire, R. (1997). Conscientiousness, procrastination, and person-task characteristics in job searching by unemployed adults. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 16(1), 83–96.

Senecal, C., & Guay, F. (2000). Procrastination in job-seeking: An analysis of motivational processes and feelings of hopelessness. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 267–282.

¹¹
Nawrocki, J. (2006, June 15, 2006). When you're a GC, procrastination doesn’t work. Corporate Counsel, Retrieved from http://www.law.com/jsp/ihc/PubArticleIHC.jsp?id=1150275918375

¹²
Angeletos, G.-M., Laibson, D., Repetto, A., Tobacman, J., & Weinberg, S. (2001). The hyperbolic consumption model: Cali-bration, simulation, and empirical evaluation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(3), 47–68.

¹³
Bankston, J. (2001). IRS experts blame procrastination for simple oversights on tax returns. The Augusta Chronicle, GA. Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News.

Kasper, G. (2004). Tax procrastination: Survey finds 29% have yet to begin taxes [Electronic Version] from http://www.prweb.com/releases/2004/03/prweb114250.htm.

Weinstein, G. (2004). The procrastinator’s guide to taxes made easy. New York: Penguin Group.

¹⁴
(2006). Compound interest, Manhattan & the Indians. Retrieved from: http://www.savingadvice.com/blog/2006/01/15/10341_compound-interest-manhattan-the-indians.html

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Byrne, A., Blake, D., Cairns, A., & Dowd, K. (2006). There’s no time like the present: The cost of delaying retirement saving Financial Services Review, 15(3), 213–231.

¹⁶
Lazarus, D. (April 24, 2009). Obama scolds card issuers, and their silence speaks volumes. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-lazarus24–2009apr24,0,6516756.column

¹⁷
Heidhues, P., & Koszegi, B. (2008). Exploiting naivete about self-control in the credit market. University of California, Berkeley.

Shui, H., & Ausubel, L. M. (2005). Time inconsistency in the credit card market. University of Maryland.

Spinella, M., Yang, B., & Lester, D. (2004). Prefrontal system dysfunction and credit card debt. International Journal of Neuroscience, 114, 1323–1332.

¹⁸
Frontline (2008). The secret history of the credit card. Retrieved from: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/credit/view/

¹⁹
Reuben, E., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2008). Procrastination and impatience: NBER Working Paper.

²⁰
Judson, L. C. (1848). The moral probe: Or one hundred and two common sense essays on the nature of men and things, interspersed with scraps of science and history. New York: Published by the author.

²¹
Matlin, E. (2004). Procrastinator’s guide to wills and estate planning. New York: Penguin.

²²
Like procrastination, this is more common than you think. The American Dental Association indicates that only 12 percent of Americans floss daily and about half don’t floss at all.

Harrison, H. C. (2005). The three-contingency model of self-management. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI.

²³
Arce, E., & Santisteban, C. (2006). Impulsivity: A review. Psicothema, 18(2), 213–220.

Bickel, W. K., Yi, R., Kowal, B. P., & Gatchalian, K. M. (2008). Cigarette smokers discount past and future rewards symmetrically and more than controls: Is discounting a measure of impulsivity? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 96, 256–262.

Carver, C. S. (2005). Impulse and constraint: Perspectives from personality psychology, convergence with theory in other areas, and potential for integration. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9(4), 312–333.

Chamberlain, S., & Sahakian, B. (2007). The neuropsychiatry of impulsivity. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20(3), 255.

Enticott, P., & Ogloff, J. (2006). Elucidation of impulsivity. Australian Psychologist, 41(1), 3–14.

Schmidt, C. (2003). Impulsivity. In E. F. Coccaro (Ed.), Aggression: Psychiatric assessment and treatment (pp. 75–87). New York: Informa Health Care.

Sirois, F. M. (2004). Procrastination and intentions to perform health behaviors: The role of self-efficacy and the consideration of future consequences. Personality & Individual Differences, 37(1), 115–128.

Sirois, F. M., & Pychyl, T. A. (2002). Academic procrastination: Costs to health and well-being. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association, Chicago.

²⁴
Soble, A. G. (2002). Correcting some misconceptions about St. Augustine’s sex life. Journal of the History of Sexuality, 11(4), 545–569.

²⁵
Bland, E. (2008). An appraisal of psychological & religious perspectives of self-control. Journal of Religion and Health, 47(1), 4–16.

McCullough, M. E., & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2009). Religion, self-regulation, and self-control: Associations, explanations, and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135(1), 69–93.

²⁶
Alternatively, you can open the Panchatantra section of the Mahabharata to read Vishnu Sharma’s words, “The man who is tardy acting where utmost speed is called for, rouses the ire of the gods who would set up obstacles in his way; you can bank on that.” Also by Sharma, “Time drinks up the essence of every great and noble action, which ought to be performed, and is delayed in the execution.” Gandhi, M. K., Strohmeier, J., & Nagler, M. N. (2000). The Bhagavad Gita according to Gandhi. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Hills Books.

²⁷
Cosan, M. E. (1996). Ramadhan and Taqwa training. (H. H. Erkaya, Trans.). Retrieved from http://gumushkhanawidargah.8m.com/books/ramadhan/

²⁸
Similarly, the Islamic scholar Dr. Umar Sulaiman al-Ashqar titles an entire section of his book “Satan hinders the slave from acting by means of procrastination and laziness.” As he notes, some of the earliest religious advice underscores the seriousness of procrastination: “Beware of procrastinating. It is the greatest of the soldiers of Satan.” Al-Nu'man, A. (2002). The pillars of Islam. (A. Fyzeem, Trans., revised, and annotated by I. Poonawala). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. (Original work published 960).

al-Ashqar, U. S. (1998). World of the Jinn and Devils. (J. Zarabozo, Trans.). Al-Basheer Publications.

²⁹
Olcott, H. S. (1887). Golden rules of Buddhism. London: Theosophical Publishing House.

³⁰
Also, we have Tenzin Gyatso, the fourteenth Dalai Lama: “You must not procrastinate. Rather, you should make preparations so that even if you did die tonight, you would have no regrets.” Das, S. (2000). Awakening to the sacred: Creating a spiritual life from scratch. London: Bantam.

³¹
Giloviqh, T., & Medvec, V. H. (1995). The experience of regret: What, when, and why. Psychological Review, 102(2), 379–395.

Roese, N. J., & Summerville, A. (2005). What we regret . . . and why. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(9), 1273–1285.

³²
King, L. A., & Hicks, J. A. (2007). Whatever happened to “What might have been”?: Regrets, Happiness, and Maturity. American Psychologist, 62(7), 625–636.

Chapter Six

¹
Hayden, A. (2003). International work-time trends: The emerging gap in hours. Just Labour, 2, 23–35.

Wasow, B. (2004). Comparing European and U.S. Living Standards (The Century Foundation). Accessed at: http://www.tcf.org/list.asp?type=NC&pubid=596.

²
Malachowski, D. (2005). Wasted time at work costing companies billions. from http://salary.com

³
This is in line with other estimates that also put the cost of procrastination at over $9,000 per employee. D'Abate, C., & Eddy, E. (2007). Engaging in personal business on the job: Extending the presenteeism construct. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 18(3), 361–383.

⁴
Wheelan, C. (2002). Naked economics: Undressing the dismal science. New York. W. W. Norton.

⁵
Critchfield, T., & Kollins, S. (2001). Temporal discounting: Basic research and the analysis of socially important behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34(1), 101–122.