The Psychopath Whisperer: The Science of Those Without Conscience (41 page)

1.
See Anderson, D. A. (2011). The cost of crime.
Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics
, 7 (3), 209–265. See also Kiehl, K. A., & Hoffman, M. B. (2011). The criminal psychopath: History, neuroscience and economics.
Jurimetrics: The Journal of Law, Science, and Technology
, Summer 2011 355–397.

2.
The not-for-profit Mind Institute in New Mexico changed its name to the Mind Research Network in 2009. I just refer to it as “The Mind.”

3.
Ermer, E., Cope, L. M., Nyalakanti, P. K., Calhoun, V. D., & Kiehl, K. A. (2012). Aberrant paralimbic gray matter in criminal psychopathy.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
121 (3), 649–658.

4.
Ermer, E., Cope, L. M., Nyalakanti, P. K., Calhoun, V. D., & Kiehl, K. A. (2013). Aberrant paralimbic gray matter in incarcerated male adolescents with “Callous” Conduct Disorder.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
52, 94–103.

1.
Rice, M. E., Harris, G. T., & Cormier, C. A. (1992). An evaluation of a maximum security therapeutic community for psychopaths and other mentally disordered offenders.
Law & Human Behavior
16 (4), 399–412.

2.
Juvenile arrests per 100,000 between 1980 and 2009.
http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/crime/JAR_Display.asp?ID=qa05201

3.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment

4.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse

5.
Caldwell, M. F., & Van Rybroek, G. J. (2001). Efficacy of a decompression treatment model in the clinical management of violent juvenile offenders.
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
45 (4), 469–477.

Caldwell, M. F., & Van Rybroek, G. J. (2005). Reducing violence in serious juvenile offenders using intensive treatment.
International Journal of Law and Psychiatry
28 (6), 622–636.

Caldwell, M. F., McCormick, D. J., Umstead, D., & Van Rybroek, G. J. (2007). Evidence of treatment progress and therapeutic outcomes among adolescents with psychopathic features.
Criminal Justice and Behavior
34 (5), 573–587.

6.
Caldwell, M. F., Vitacco, M., & Van Rybroek, G. J. (2006). Are violent delinquents worth treating?: A cost-benefit analysis.
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency
43 (2), 148–168.

Caldwell, M. F. (2013). Treatment of adolescents with psychopathic features. In K. A. Kiehl & W. Sinnott-Armstrong (Eds.),
Handbook of Psychopathy and Law
. New York: Oxford University Press.

1.
Du, W., Li, H., Calhoun, V. D., Ma, S., Eichele, T., Kiehl, K. A., Pearlson, G. D., & Adali, T. (2012). High classification accuracy for schizophrenia with rest and task fMRI data.
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
6 (145), 1–12.

2.
Calhoun, V. D., Maciejewski, P. K., Pearlson, G. D., & Kiehl, K. A. (2008). Temporal lobe and “default” hemodynamic brain modes discriminate between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Human Brain Mapping
29, 1265–1275.

3.
Ermer, E., Kahn, R. E., Salovey, P., & Kiehl, K. A. (2012). Emotional intelligence in incarcerated men with psychopathic traits.
Journal of Personality & Social Psychology
103 (1), 194–204.

4.
Note that there is no answer that could justify the murders Brian Dugan committed. My quest was in search of his rationale or logic for killing. By understanding his motivations, we are in a better position to potentially remediate these motivations in cognitive behavioral treatment programs like that of the Mendota Juvenile Treatment Program.

5.
Burns, J. M., & Swerdlow, R. H. (2003). Right orbitofrontal tumor with pedophilia symptom and constructional apraxia sign.
Archives of Neurology
60 (3), 437–440.

6.
The US Supreme Court used the term
mentally retarded
, but this terminology has fallen out of favor in academic circles. I have used instead the term
individuals with low IQ
.

7.
Thompson v. Oklahoma
, 487 U.S. 815 (1988).

8.
Harenski, C. L., Harenski, K. A., Shane, M. S., & Kiehl, K. A. (2010). Aberrant neural processing of moral violations in criminal psychopaths.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
119, 863–874.

9.
Callicott, J. H., Ramsey, N. F., Tallent, K., Bertolino, A., Knable, M. B., Coppola, R., et al. (1998). Functional magnetic resonance imaging brain mapping in psychiatry: Methodological issues illustrated in a study of working memory in schizophrenia.
Neuropsychopharmacology
18 (3), 186–196.

10.
Ermer, E., Cope, L. M., Nyalakanti, P. K., Calhoun, V. D., & Kiehl, K. A.
(2012). Aberrant paralimbic gray matter in criminal psychopathy.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
121 (3), 649–658.

Ermer, E., Cope, L. M., Nyalakanti, P. K., Calhoun, V. D., & Kiehl, K. A. (2013). Aberrant paralimbic gray matter in incarcerated male adolescents with “Callous” Conduct Disorder.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
52, 94–103.

11.
Control subjects
included healthy normal controls recruited from the general population and incarcerated nonpsychopathic control subjects recruited from the prison population.