Read The Riddle of the Labyrinth Online
Authors: Margalit Fox
To visualize the role of bridging characters in a “science of graphics,” one must mentally split them down the middle, like the contested baby in the King Solomon story, with each “half” claimed by a different syllable:
This, Kober realized, was precisely what caused the change in the third syllable of the nouns in her paradigm, repeated here:
It was as though these “bridging” characters, too, had been split down the middle, incorporating the end of the stem and the beginning of the suffix in equal measure. This accounted for the change in spelling from
to
in Case III:
This one-character bridge may look like a small thing. But in isolating its function, Kober had taken an immense step forward. “If this interpretation is correct,” she wrote in her 1946 paper, “we have in our hands a means for finding out how some of the signs of the Linear Class B script are related to one another.” In the example above, for instance, we can tell instantly that
and
share a consonant but have different vowels, just as the Latin syllables “vum” and “vo” do.
With a foot in one syllable and another in the next, bridging characters were the linchpins of Minoan words. By identifying and describing them, Kober had found a way of establishing the
relative
relationships among the characters of the script without having to know any of their actual sound-values. And on this linchpin the decipherment would turn, although she would not live to see it.
ON MARCH 13, 1947, when Kober arrived in England, she immediately regretted not having practiced copying with stiffened fingers. It was even colder there than she had expected: She had arrived at the tail end of the brutal winter of 1946â47, famous even now in the annals of British weather. “I've been devoting all the time available to copying Minoan inscriptions, sometimes a more difficult job than you'd think, when the room temperatures hover around forty degrees,” she wrote Henry Allen Moe, the secretary of the Guggenheim Foundation, from Oxford in early April.
Having access to so much data was a decidedly mixed blessing. On the one hand, if she could copy it all in her five weeks in England, her store of available inscriptions would increase tenfold. On the other, it would mean that she would have to start her painstaking analytic work all over again. It had taken her five years just to analyze the two hundred inscriptions she already had.
Despite the spartan conditions, Kober reveled in British university life. “I had a most delightful time, staying at St. Hugh's College as a sort of honorary member of the Senior Common Room, and finding out what life at Oxford was really like from the inside,” she wrote John Franklin Daniel afterward. “Everybody was so nice, I've come back with a severe case of swollen head.”
She, in turn, had nothing but praise for Sir John Myres. “He says what he thinks, firmly, decisively, and oh, so politely,” she wrote after her trip. “I can hardly realize I have seen him for only six weeks, once. He is a wonderful man.”
Myres let her copy whatever she wanted from Evans's trove of inscriptions, with one proviso: She was to publish nothing based on the material until
Scripta Minoa II
came out. This did not discourage her. The book was due out in early 1948, less than a year away. It would take her at least that long to analyze the welter of new data.
Kober left England on April 17. Before she sailed, she offered to help Myres prepare the manuscript of
Scripta Minoa II
for publication. The sooner the volume was out, she reasoned, the sooner she would be able to make her own discoveries known to the scholarly public.
ON APRIL 25, when the
Queen Elizabeth
docked in New York, it brought Kober home to an ocean of work. “I have so much to do, I hardly am aware that spring is coming,” she wrote to Daniel shortly afterward. “My trip to England was successful beyond my wildest dreamsâin fact, too successful, since Sir John insists that I go to Crete to check the originals of the Knossos inscriptions for him, and I don't know how the President of Brooklyn College will feel about my running off in the middle of the next semester.”
A few months earlier, knowing how much time it would take to analyze the Oxford data, Kober had requested a renewal of her Guggenheim Fellowship. Her letter to Henry Allen Moe, from January 1947, offers a masterly account not only of her approach to the decipherment but also of her willingness to forsake security for science:
“Dear Mr. Moe,” she wrote:
After a long debate with myself, I finally decided to request the renewal of my Fellowship for another year. The chief reason for my hesitation was that, since Brooklyn College cannot be expected to give me any assistance during a second year of leave, my financial situation will be precarious. It seems to me, however, that at this stage of my work it would certainly be selfish for me to put any personal considerations in the way of a possible successful result. . . .
The reason I feel compelled to ask for more time is the unexpected, but very welcome, permission given me by Professor Myres to go to England and see the unpublished Minoan inscriptions
.
According to report, the total number of inscriptions found by Sir Arthur Evans at Knossos was about
2000.
Of these, some
200
have been published. . . . I think (and since my work so far has proceeded according to schedule, my estimates seem to be fairly accurate) that it will take about a year to bring the new material into conformity with the old. . . .
Perhaps I had better explain what the process of classification is. Most scholars seem to work with only two files, one in some kind of pseudo-alphabetical order (the system of writing, it must be remembered, is still unknown, and an artificial order has to be set up), the other in reverse, beginning with the end of the word. While these files are essential, they are not enough. One reason why I have been able to do more with the Minoan scripts is because my files contain more. I use, in addition to the two just mentioned
1âa word file, in which enough of the context is set down to show the use of the word
2âtwo sign-juxtaposition files, one listing every sign used according to the sign that precedes it, the other according to the sign that follows it. These files are the basis for further analysis of possible word roots, suffixes and prefixes
.
3âa general file, in which any two signs appearing together in a word are listed, whether they are juxtaposed or not. This file is needed in order to check . . . signs which alternate with one another in certain positions
.
Other, more complicated files are built up when the inflection system becomes apparent, but their exact nature cannot be predicted in advance. . . .
Two theories I had in September have now reached the stage of practical certainty. One is that the three different types of Minoan script, Linear Class A, Linear Class B and the Hieroglyphic-Pictographic, seem to record three different languages. The other is that Linear Class B was a strongly inflected language. I have apparently reached the stage where I can predict certain inflectional variations. . . .
It seems fairly safe to say that, with the new material, the inflection system, at least of nouns, should become quite apparent. In that case, it should be possible to assign phonetic values to the signs with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Decipherment will then depend on whether the language turns out to belong to a known or unknown linguistic group
.
If I have another year, I think I can promise that by September, 1948, I will know whether early decipherment is possible. . . . I have reached exactly the right stage in the work to get the maximum benefit from the new inscriptions
.