The Science of Language (47 page)

Turing
,
Alan
(
1950
)
“Computing Machinery and Intelligence.”
Mind
59
:
433
–460.

Turing
,
Alan
(
1992
)
Collected Works of Alan Turing: Morphogenesis
. Ed.
P. T.
Saunders
.
Amsterdam
:
North Holland
.

Tversky
,
Amos
and
Daniel
Kahneman
(
1974
)
“Judgment under Uncertainty.”
Science, New Series
185
(4157):
1124
–1131.

Waddington
,
Conrad H.
(
1940
)
Organisers and Genes
.
Cambridge University Press
.

Waddington
,
Conrad H.
(
1942
)
“Canalization of Development and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters.”
Nature
150
:
563
–565.

Warrington
,
Elizabeth K.
and
S. J.
Crutch
(
2005
)
“Abstract and Concrete Concepts Have Structurally Different Representational Frameworks.”
Brain
128
:
615
–627.

Weckerly
,
J.
and
J. L.
Elman
(
1992
)
“A PDP Approach to Processing Center-Embedded Sentences.”
In
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society
.
Hillsdale, NJ
:
Erlbaum
.

Wernet
,
Ph.
,
D.
Nordlund
,
U.
Bergmann
,
M.
Cavalleri
,
M.
Odelius
,
H.
Ogasawara
,
L.
Å.
Naslund
,
T. K.
Hirsch
,
L.
Ojamäe
,
P.
Glatzel
,
L. G. M.
Pettersson
, and
A.
Nilsson
(
2004
) “The Structure of the First Coordination Shell in Liquid Water.”
Science
online, 1 April 2004.

Wittgenstein
,
Ludwig
(
1922
)
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
. Trans.
C. K.
Ogden
(prepared with assistance from G. E. Moore, F. P. Ramsey, and L. Wittgenstein).
London
:
Routledge & Kegan Paul
. (Parallel edition including the German text on the facing page to the English text: 1981.)

Wittgenstein
,
Ludwig
(
1953
)
Philosophical Investigations
. Trans.
Elizabeth
Anscombe
.
Oxford
:
Blackwell
.

Yang
,
Charles
(
2002
)
Knowledge and Learning in Natural Language
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
.

Yang
,
Charles
(
2004
)
“Universal Grammar, Statistics, or Both?”
Trends in Cognitive Science
8
(10):
451
–456.

Zubavicus
,
Yan
and
Michael
Grunze
(
2004
)
“New Insights into the Structure of Water with Ultrafast Probes.”
Science
304
(5673), 14 May.

abduction
168
,
183
,
246
,
248

acquisition of language
225
,
244

adequate explanation of
22
,
60
,
149
,
235
,
244
,
245
,
246

behaviorist view of
222
,
224

and biological development
59

and canalization
39

early timing of
55
,
56

and the format of language
82

and grammar
24

and linguistic theory
24

and parameters
97

and poverty of the stimulus
23

and semantics
193

study of
84

universal principles of
245

activism
119

adaptation
157
,
169

evidence for
170
,
172

adaptationism
68
,
171
,
172

adjunction
201
,
234
,
264

agency
124–128

algorithms
64
,
166

altruism
104
,
106

animal communication systems
12
,
20
,
33
,
197
,
262

animals, and concepts
26
,
30
,
33
,
203

Ariew, André
277

Aristotle
26
,
162
,
163

articulatory system
69

Austin, John
129
,
160

baboons
143
,
202

Baker, Mark
39
,
55
,
83
,
241

bees
20
,
106

behavior, study of
138–151
,
286

behaviorism
66
,
89
,
186
,
285

criticism of
285

and evolution
173

and language acquisition
222
,
225
,
282
,
284

and learning
180

belief
138
,
140

I-beliefs
153–156

irrational
140

religious
141

study of
139

Berkeley
127

Bilgrami, Akeel
113

binding theory
37
,
237
,
238
,
276
,
290

biolinguistics
5
,
91
,
246

biological limits
133–137

biological systems, properties of
22

biology
157

autonomy of
175

explanation in
158

folk biology
223

function-for-an-organism
169–174

functions in
174–175

Bloom, Paul
166
,
170
,
172
,
176

Boltzmann, Ludwig
18

Borer, Hagit
166
,
194
,
229

Boyle, Robert
67

Bracken, Harry
114

Braille
44

brain
60

See also
cognitive faculties

evolution of
49

size of
54

structures of
48

bricolage
24
,
243

British Empire
121
,
122

Brody, Michael
83

Burge, Tyler
130
,
289

Butterworth, Brian
16

Byrd, Robert
123

c-command
79
,
232–238
,
276

canalization
39–45
,
96
,
239–242
,
278
,
279
,
286

and parameters
45
,
276–277

Carey, Sue
72
,
97
,
128

Carnap, Rudolf
250

Carroll, Sean B.
279

Carruthers, Peter
162

causation
141
,
193
,
198

chemistry
19
,
65
,
73
,
88
,
156

Cherniak, Christopher
60
,
277

children

acquisition of language
56
,
244–246

dysarthria
43

language capacities of
70

speech production
281

Williams Syndrome
46

Chomsky, Carol
44–45

Chomsky, Noam

influence of
2

intellectual contribution of
76–79
,
285

on natural science
183–185

and Nelson Goodman
86–92

personal relationship with Goodman
91–92

role of simplicity in his work
80–85

Church, Alonzo
64

Churchland, Patricia
212

cognitive development
70

cognitive faculties
1
,
154
,
179
,
202
,
212
,
259
,
260
,
267
,
271
,
280

biological basis of
103
,
172

distinctiveness of human
178

evolution of
78

limits of
97
,
133
,
134
,
146
,
184
,
189
,
247
,
289
,
290

predetermination of
98

and truth
136

cognitive science
127
,
247

Collins, John
277

color
247–248

adverbial account of
258
,
260

science of
192
,
247
,
257
,
259

common sense
73
,
124–128
,
180
,
189
,
209
,
211
,
259
,
280

concepts
161
,
271
,
272
,
284

understanding of functions
158–166

communication
11–20
,
44
,
50
,
51
,
164
,
166
,
176

animal communication systems
12
,
20
,
33
,
197
,
262

evolution of
20
,
58

computation
31–32
,
65
,
161
,
174
,
195
,
213
,
281–282

efficiency of
39
,
60
,
61
,
148

linguistic
265

optimal
62

phases of
278

concepts
26
,
202
,
267

acquisition of
200
,
230
,
268

adverbial account of
260

of animals
203

artifact concepts
162
,
284

atomic
34
,
275

Chomsky's views on
188

common sense
267

commonsense concepts
126
,
161
,
267
,
271
,
284

complexity of
201

compositional character of
190
,
194
,
268

errors in thinking about
186–196

and externalism
220

I-concepts
153–156

innateness
284

and internalism
198
,
255–257

intrinsic content of
199

lexical concepts
190

linguistic expression of
197
,
203
,
230

location of
260

nature of human
77
,
177
,
230
,
268
,
274
,
284

origin of
26

properties of
40
,
204

and reasoning
180

relational
35

scientific
184
,
279

theories of
186–194
,
196

under- or overspecification of
193
,
195

uniqueness of human concepts
21–30
,
33–35
,
196–205
,
263

conceptual intentional systems
14

conceptualism
130

Condition C
37
,
238
,
275

conjunctivism
254

connectionism
67
,
179
,
180
,
186
,
200
,
220
,
225
,
282

consciousness
98

constructivism
87
,
206
,
208
,
285

conventions
221
,
223

cooperative societies
103
,
105

corporations, CEOs of
147

Crain, Stephen
254

creative aspect of language use
5
,
6
,
204
,
210
,
253
,
262

impact on the study of language
227
,
263

origin of
97

Cudworth, Ralph
40
,
163
,
267

culture
121
,
178