Read The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology Online
Authors: Ray Kurzweil
Tags: #Non-Fiction, #Fringe Science, #Retail, #Technology, #Amazon.com
iHex, 284
Illinois, University of, 115, 255, 335
image processing, 123, 187–188, 279, 445
imagination, 299, 318
imaging reporter genes, 216
imaging technology, 138, 163, 164
imitation, 190
immortality, 320, 324–325, 330, 370, 474
immune system, human, 217–220, 223, 255, 418, 425
immune system, technological, 241, 413
nanotechnology-based, 400, 411–412, 417, 425–426
Immune Tolerance Network, 557n
impacts, GNR, 299–368, 583n–593n
on body, 299–311, 583n–586n
on brain, 307–309, 312–320, 586n–587n
on human longevity, 320–330
on intelligent destiny of the cosmos, 342–368, 590n
on learning, 335–337, 589n
panoply of, 299–300
on play, 341–342
on warfare, 330–335
on work, 337–341
implants:
neural,
see
neural implants
pancreas, 124, 307, 530n
to regulate insulin, 124, 243, 307, 530n
retina, 185, 308, 585n
incompleteness theorem, 453–454, 601n
individuality, 375
industrialization, 28, 95, 122
industrial products, 215, 231, 245, 339
industrial revolution,
17, 18, 20
, 340, 409, 410
infant mortality, 321
infection, infectious disease, 165, 306, 335, 581n
MYCIN system and, 266–267
RNA interference and, 422, 552n
inferotemporal cortex, 186
Infineon chip, 195
information:
accessibility of, 327–329, 338, 469
alternation between analog and digital representations of, 519n
in atomic structures, 14,
15
, 119, 131, 134, 536n
biology’s intersection with,
see
biotechnology
black holes and, 503n
in brain and nervous systems,
15
, 16, 127, 148, 152, 179, 325, 440, 449
caring for, 329–330
cellular automata and, 85–91
complexity and, 15, 36–40, 437
in DNA,
15
, 16, 38, 40, 117, 207, 232, 518
n
epigenetic data as, 147
evolution and, 14–16,
15
fractal designs and, 46–47
in genome, 46, 47, 206–207, 516
n
–517
n
, 522
n
GNR age and, 84, 206–207, 210, 231, 245–246, 261
in hardware and software,
15
, 16, 38
in holograms, 148, 152, 172
importance of, 85
improvements in recording of, 40
knowledge vs., 372, 375, 386
limits on transfer of, 21
longevity of, 325–330
matter and energy’s relationship to, 86, 87, 522
n
in “mesh” computing, 125
military communications and, 332–333
order as, 38–42
patterns of, 5, 258, 460, 522
n
physical world’s intersection with,
see
nanotechnology
value determined by, 231, 245, 339
Information Mechanics
(Kantor), 518
n
information technologies (IT), 8, 41
acceleration of,
see
accelerating returns, law of
boom-and-bust cycles in, 13, 97, 103
decline in cost of, 338, 469, 472
demand for, 65,
65
economic share of, 65, 107,
107
, 525
n
energy as, 243, 457
exponential growth of, 3, 9, 25, 35, 72, 84, 85, 109, 245–246, 265, 377, 383, 429, 433–435, 457, 469, 470, 491–496, 504
n
paradigm shifts in, 429–430
power (price-performance, speed, capacity, and bandwidth) of, 25, 27, 41, 84, 101, 102, 224, 377, 429, 432, 469, 470, 504
n
prediction and, 432
principles of Singularity and, 25–29
reduction in adoption lag time for, 469, 472
see also
computers, computation; Internet
Ingber, Donald, 163
initiator (single design element), 46
innovation,
see
paradigm shifts; technology evolution
Innsbruck, University of, 121
insects, 415
swarms of, 333
insider trading, 284
instinct, 293–294, 378
Institute for Advanced Study, 498
n
–499
n
Institute for Creative Technologies, 312
Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (IMM), 598
n
Institute Workshop on Molecular Nanotechnology Research Policy Guidelines, 598
n
insula, right and left, 166, 193, 314
insulin, 168, 221, 255
fat receptor gene and, 12, 303
implantable devices for regulating of, 124, 243, 307, 530
n
insulinlike growth factors (IGFs), 215
integrated circuits, 56, 67, 71
application-specific (ASICs), 125, 135, 276, 445
nanotube-based,
see
nanotubes and nanotube circuitry
as paradigm, 67,
67
, 75,
75
, 127–128, 434
transistors on, 42–43, 56, 71, 76, 111–112, 114, 157, 351, 434
Integrated Fuel Cell Technologies, 247
integrator neurons, 166
Intel, 434
intellectual property (IP), 96, 105, 107, 339–340
patents, 84,
84
, 106, 146, 525
n
, 533
n
, 537
n
intelligence, 4, 370, 372
artificial,
see
artificial intelligence; narrow AI; strong AI
biological,
see
biological intelligence
emotional,
see
emotional intelligence
extraterrestrial,
see
SETI
human,
see
human intelligence
military, 280, 281
moral, 8, 192
nonbiological,
see
nonbiological
intelligence intelligence quotient (IQ), 505
n
intelligent design, 360, 480–481
Intel processors:
chip problems for, 456
single-chip vs. dual-core, 129–130, 533
n
–534
n
transistors in, 63,
63
, 66
intensive-care units, 255, 413, 435, 456
Interaction Gate, 534
n
interaural level difference (ILD), 184
interaural time difference (ITD), 123, 184
interferometry, 344
international cooperation, 423
International Society for BioMEMS and Biomedical Nanotechnology, 584
n
International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), 57, 112, 126, 292
International Xenotransplantation Authority (IXA), 598
n
Internet, 261, 279
access to knowledge via, 26, 32, 261, 286
adoption of, 13, 95, 97, 264
bandwidth of, 81,
81
, 263, 312, 472, 516
n
bank transactions on, 102
brain compared with, 152
complexity and, 38
dangerous information on, 392–393, 395, 594
n
data traffic on, 80,
80
, 516
n
decentralization and, 396, 406, 420
education and, 336
hosts, 78–79,
78, 79
lock-in and, 430, 457
nodes (servers) of, 13, 152, 263, 499
n
skepticism about, 13, 263
software viruses and, 255–256
surveillance and, 413
unused computational power of devices on, 125–126, 135, 278
wireless communications and, 312, 346
see also
World Wide Web
Internet bubble, 13, 97, 263
Internet Software Consortium, 499
n
interneuronal connections, 163, 184, 430
brain models and, 147–148, 174, 178, 428, 446
complexity of, 428
defined, 145
growth in, 174
information and, 47
limits of, 26, 27, 129, 265, 270, 337, 445
memory and, 126–127, 137, 329, 523
n
nanobots and, 313, 316
in newborns, 152
number of, 8, 27, 129, 150, 440, 600
n
patterns of, 260, 317, 337, 445, 463
plasticity of, 175, 176
reset time for, 124, 503
n
, 504
n
simulations of, 122, 428, 530
n
see also
axons; dendrites
intracellular aggregates, 220
intracellular surgery, 162–163
inventions:
of author, 1, 2–3, 370, 497
n
of biological evolution, 5
mass use of,
50
, 512
n
textile automation, 507
n
see also specific inventions
invention stage, 51–52
inverse internal models, 179
investment, investing:
automated, 265, 435
capital for, 96, 106, 339, 395, 524
n
in defensive technologies, 408, 417, 418, 422
lock-in and, 429–430, 457–458
in vitro fertilization, 340
Iraq, Desert Storm campaign in (1991), 284
Iraq war, 280,
331
, 332
I-Robot, 333
irreversible computing, 130, 132, 245
Ishiyama, Kazushi, 304, 584
n
islet cells, pancreatic, 124, 168, 213, 223, 255, 557
n
isogenic replacement cells, 556
n
Jacobi, C.T., 535
n
Jacobstein, Neil, 598
n
Jacoby, Mitch, 536
n
Jaffee, E. M., 554
n
Jahnke, A., 575
n
Jaiswal, J. K., 586
n
Jansen, Jac J., 587
n
Japan, life expectancy in, 408
Jefferson Airplane, 300, 315
Jenkins, D. E., 342
Jensen, R. J., 585
n
jet engines, design of, 270, 271
jet propulsion, 138
Jobling, Mark A., 549
n
Johanson, D., 502
n
Johns Hopkins University, 398
Johnson, M., 553
n
Johnson, R. Colin, 528
n
, 586
n
Johnston, M. V., 539
n
Joint Forces Command, U.S., Project Alpha of, 333
Jones, Douglas, 515
n
Jones, Tanya, 598
n
Joy, Bill, 12, 391, 394–395, 409, 411, 417, 595
n
, 598
n
Joyce, Gerald F., 235–236
Judson, Horace F., 550
n
Jung, Carl, 382
Jupiter, 280, 349