The Sorrows of Empire (56 page)

50
. Chatterjee, “Afghan Pipe Dreams”; “USA Pledges Not to Abandon Central Asia after Afghan War,” BBC, from Interfax-Kazakhstan News Agency, December 19, 2001; and George Monbiot, “America’s Imperial War,”
Guardian,
February 12, 2002.

1
. The number of domestic bases is taken from William R. Evinger, ed.,
Directory of U.S. Military Bases Worldwide,
3rd ed. (Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1998).

2
. “The Monroe Doctrine Declared, 1823,” <
http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/USA/MonDoc.html
>; and “Monroe Doctrine,” <
http://gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/side/mondoc.html
>.

3
. Harry Magdoff, introduction to
Remaking Asia: Essays on the American Uses of Power,
ed. Mark Selden (New York: Pantheon, 1974), p. 4.

4
. Ronald Steel,
Pax Americana
(New York: Viking, 1968), p. 10.

5
. Garrett Moritz, “Explaining 1898: Conquest of Empire in the Gilded Age,” <
http://www.gtexts.com/college/papers/s4.html
>; and Stuart Creighton Miller,
“Benevolent Assimilation”: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), p. 3. A thought-provoking book that throws doubt on Turner’s frontier thesis is Andro Linklater,
Measuring America: How An Untamed Wilderness Shaped the United States and Fulfilled the Promise of Democracy
(New York: Walker & Co., 2002).

6
. “U.S. Intervention in Latin America,” <
http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/teddy.html
>; and “The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine,” <
http://www.uiowa.edu/~c030162/Common/Handouts/POTUS/TRoos.html
>

7
. Zoltan Grossman, comp., “A Century of U.S. Military Interventions,” <
http://zmag.org/CrisesCurEvts/interventions.htm
>.

8
. David B. Abernethy,
The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 86.

9
. John M. Collins, “Military Bases,”
Military Geography for Professionals and the Public
(Washington: U.S. National Defense University, Institute for National Strategic Studies, March 1998), <
http://www.ndu.edu/inss/books/milgeo/milgeochl2.html
>; and Kenneth Hunt,
NATO without France: The Military Implications,
Adelphi Paper no. 32 (London: Institute for Strategic Studies, December 1966).

10
. Keith B. Cunningham and Andreas Klemmer,
Restructuring the U.S. Military Bases in Germany: Scope, Impacts, and Opportunities. Report 4
(Bonn: Bonn International Center for Conversion, 1995), p. 6.

11
. Ibid., p. 10.

12
. Ibid., p. 14.

13
. Michael Goldfarb, “Origins of Pax Americana,” <
http://www.insideout.org/documentaries/pax/notebook.asp
>. Also see Mark Landler, “Germans Near Bases Don’t Hate U.S., Just the Noise,”
New York Times,
February 17, 2003.

14
. Evinger,
Directory of U.S. Military Bases Worldwide,
p. 255.

15
. See Ken Silverstein, “Police Academy in the Alps: The Tax-Supported Marshall Center Offers More Fun and Games Than War Games,”
Nation,
October 7, 2002, pp. 17–22; Rick Emert, “Army Cranking Out New Facilities,”
Stars & Stripes,
December 14, 2002; David Rennie, “Pentagon Plans NATO Blitz on Germany by Pulling Out,”
Sydney Morning Herald,
February 12, 2003.

16
. Cunningham and Klemmer,
Restructuring the U.S. Military Bases,
p. 23.

17
. Kozy K. Amemiya, “The Bolivian Connection: U.S. Bases and Okinawan Emigration,” in Chalmers Johnson, ed.,
Okinawa: Cold War Island
(Cardiff, Calif.: Japan Policy Research Institute, 1999), pp. 53–69.

18
. See, in particular, Ichiro Tomiyama, “The ‘Japanese’ of Micronesia,” in Ronald Y. Nakasone, ed.,
Okinawan Diaspora
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2002), pp. 64–68 et passim; Koji Taira, “Okinawa’s Choice: Independence or Subordination,” in Johnson, ed.,
Okinawa: Cold War Island,
pp. 171–85; and Steve Rabson, introduction to
Okinawa: Two Postwar Novellas By Oshiro Tatsuhiro and Higashi Mineo
(Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1989), pp. 1–30.

19
. See Kensei Yoshida,
Democracy Betrayed: Okinawa under U.S. Occupation
(Bellingham: Center for East Asian Studies, Western Washington University, 2001), p. 17.

20
. Ibid., p. 54.

21
. Morton Mintz, “U.S. Stationed A-Bomb Ship 200 Yards off Japans Coast,”
Washington Post,
May 22, 1981; Edwin O. Reischauer, “Japan: The Meaning of the Flap,”
Washington Post,
June 5, 1981; and Hans M. Kristensen,
Japan under the U.S. Nuclear Umbrella
(Berkeley: Nautilus Institute, July 1999).

22
. Chii Kyotei Kenkyukai (Status of Forces Agreement Research Association),
Nichi-Bei chii kyotei chikujo hihan
(Point-by-point criticism of the Japanese-American status of forces agreement) (Tokyo: Shin Nihon Shuppansha, 1997), pp. 253–56. In Japanese.

23
. See, e.g., Takis Michas, “America the Despised,”
National Interest,
Spring 2002, pp. 94–102; Anthee Carassava, “Anti-Americanism in Greece Is Reinvigorated by War,”
New York Times,
April 7, 2003; and John Brady Kiesling, “Diplomatic Breakdown,”
Boston Globe,
April 27, 2003.

24
. Quoted by Jim Huck, “1947–1970s, Greece: Helping Fascists in Civil War & Coup,” <
http://www.ncf.carleton.ca/coat/our_magazine/links/issue43/articles/1947_1970s_greece.htm
>.

25
. Quoted by William Blum,
Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions since World War II
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p. 216.

26
. Seymour M. Hersh,
Kissinger: The Price of Power
(1983); quoted in Blum,
Killing Hope,
p. 220.

27
. Helena Smith, “The CIA Claims to Have Changed,”
Guardian,
August 28, 2001; “A U.S. History of Greece Is Kept Secret,”
Kathimerini
(English ed.), Athens, July 30, 2001.

28
. Thomas Patrick Carroll, “Last Tango in Nicosia,”
Middle East Intelligence Bulletin
3:12 (December 2001).

29
. William J. Pomeroy, “The Philippines: A Case History of Neocolonialism,” in Mark Selden, ed.,
Remaking Asia: Essays on the American Uses of Power
(New York: Pantheon, 1974), p. 162.

30
. Alva M. Bowen Jr., “The Historical Setting: 1947–1975,” in John W. McDonald Jr. and Diane B. Bendahmane, eds.,
U.S. Bases Overseas: Negotiations with Spain, Greece, and the Philippines
(Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1990), p. 74.

31
. See Bryan Johnson,
The Four Days of Courage: The Untold Story of the People Who Brought Marcos Down
(New York: Free Press, 1987).

32
. Roland G. Simbulan, “How ‘The Battle of the Bases’ Was Won,” <
http://www.boondocksnet.com/centennial/sctexts/simbulan.html
>.

33
. Michael Satchell, “Toxic Legacy: What the Military Left Behind,”
U.S. News & World Report,
January 24, 2000, pp. 30–31; and Benjamin Pimentel, “Deadly Legacy: Leftover Bombs, Chemicals Wreak Havoc at Former U.S. Bases in Philippines,”
San Francisco Chronicle,
July 5, 2001.

34
. Dan Murphy, “Long-Term U.S. Strategy Emerges out of Philippines,”
Christian Science Monitor,
July 3, 2002; Michael Satchell, “Back to the Philippines: Eight Years after Base Closings, the U.S. Is Rebuilding a Military Relationship,”
U.S. News & World Report,
January 24, 2000, pp. 30–31; Doug Bandow, “Instability in the Philippines: A Case Study for U.S. Disengagement,” CATO Institute
Foreign Policy Briefing,
no. 64, March 21, 2001; Oliver Teves, “Philippine Base Ready for U.S.-Led Training,” Associated Press,
San Diego Union-Tribune,
January 20, 2002; Luis H. Francia, “U.S. Troops in the Philippines,”
Village Voice,
February 20–26, 2002; Jane Perlez, “U.S. Troops Likely to Remain in Philippines Longer Than Planned,”
New York Times
Service,
San Diego Union-Tribune,
March 31, 2002; and Tyler Marshall and John Hendren, “U.S. to Leave Philippines Despite Hostage Situation,”
Los Angeles Times,
May 27, 2002.

35
. Kari Huus, “In Philippines, G.I. Joe Is Back,” MSNBC, August 2, 2002, <
http://www.msnbc.com/news/787670.asp
>; BBC News, “U.S. Unwelcome in Southern Philippines,” March 17, 2003; Karen DeYoung, “Powell Says U.S. to Resume Training Indonesia’s Forces,”
Washington Post,
August 3, 2002.

36
. Eric Schmitt, “U.S. to Send Nearly 2,000 Troops to Fight Militants in Philippines,”
New York Times,
February 20, 2003; and Jim Gomez
(Associated Press), “Philippines Says U.S. Troops Not Welcome in Combat Patrols,”
San Diego Union-Tribune,
April 22, 2003.

37
. William Greider,
Fortress America: The American Military and the Consequences of Peace
(New York: Public Affairs, 1998), p. 101.

38
. Haroon Siddiqui, “Real American Agenda Now Becoming Clear,”
Toronto Star,
May 4, 2003. Also see Peter Grier, “A Reluctant Empire Stretches More,”
Christian Science Monitor,
January 17, 2002; Thom Shanker and Eric Schmitt, “Pentagon Expects Long-Term Access to Four Key Bases in Iraq,”
New York Times,
April 20, 2003; Michael R. Gordon and Eric Schmitt, “U.S. Will Move Air Operations to Qatar Base,”
New York Times,
April 28, 2003; Eric Schmitt, “U.S. to Withdraw All Combat Units from Saudi Arabia,”
New York Times,
April 30, 2003; Esther Schrader, “U.S. Expedites Reshuffling of Europe Troops,”
Los Angeles Times,
May 1, 2003; Seth Stern, “New Map for U.S. Outposts,”
Christian Science Monitor,
May 1, 2003.

1
. See Anthony Cave Brown,
Oil, God, and Gold: The Story of Aramco and the Saudi Kings
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999).

2
. On the origins of American oil diplomacy in the Middle East, see Douglas Little, “Opening the Door: Business, Diplomacy, and America’s Stake in Middle East Oil,” in
American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), pp. 43–75.

3
. See Robert Fisk, “New Crisis, Old Lessons: The Suez Crisis Has Haunted British Government for Almost 50 Years,”
Independent,
January 15, 2003.

4
. Global Security Organization, “King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia,” <
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/dhahran.htm
>; and Patrick E. Tyler, “Saudis Plan to End U.S. Presence,”
New York Times,
February 9, 2003.

5
. The indispensable source is Ervand Abrahamian, “The 1953 Coup in Iran,”
Science & Society
65:2 (Summer 2001), pp. 182–215. Also see
Phillip Knightley, “Iraq Chose Saddam for Good Reason: The West Needs a History Lesson,”
Independent,
August 4, 2002; and the important book by Stephen Kinzer,
All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2003).

6
. C. T. Sandars,
America’s Overseas Garrisons: The Leasehold Empire
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 287, 293, 299; Robert Burns, “U.S. Building Up Forces at Obscure but Important Air Base in Qatari Desert,” Associated Press, June 30, 2002.

7
. Denis F. Doyon, “Middle East Bases,” in Joseph Gerson and Bruce Birchard, eds.,
The Sun Never Sets: Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military Bases
(Boston: South End Press for the American Friends Service Committee, 1991), pp. 15, 275–307; Sandars,
America’s Overseas Garrisons,
pp. 55–59; and BBC News, “Diego Garcia Islanders Battle to Return,” October 31, 2002. For a few details on Diego Garcia in 2002, see Office of the Deputy Undersecretary of Defense (Installations and Environment),
Base Structure Report (A Summary of DoD’s Real Property Inventory)
(Washington: Department of Defense, 2002), s.v. “British Indian Ocean Territory.”