The Triple Package (43 page)

highest teen pregnancy rates
:
Commonwealth of Kentucky, Department for Public Health, Division of Women’s Health,
Teen Pregnancy Prevention Strategic Plan
(Cabinet for Health and Family Services, Commonwealth of Kentucky), p. 1. The New Hampshire rate is from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Births: Final Data for 2010,”
National Vital Statistics Reports
61, no. 1 (Aug. 28, 2012), p. 7, Table B.

a version of the “resource curse”
:
The “resource curse”—a term coined by Richard Auty in 1993—refers to the idea that societies with too much oil, gold, or other extremely valuable resources typically end up mired in poverty. Subsequent research has broadly confirmed Auty’s thesis. See Richard M. Auty,
Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies: The Resource Curse Thesis
(New York: Routledge, 1993); Macartan Humphreys, Jeffrey Sachs, Joseph E. Stiglitz et al.,
Escaping the Resource Curse
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2007); Thomas L. Friedman, “The First Law of Petropolitics,”
Foreign Policy
, May/June 2006. For empirical studies finding evidence of the resource curse thesis as applied to Appalachian poverty, see Annie Walker, “An Empirical Analysis of Resource Curse Channels in the Appalachian Region,” Feb. 19, 2013, http://www.be.wvu.edu/econ_seminar/documents/12-13/walker.pdf; Mark D. Partridge, Michael R. Betz, and Linda Lobao, “Natural Resource Curse and Poverty in Appalachian America,”
American Journal of Agricultural Economics
95, no. 2 (2013), pp. 449–56.

Traditional industry
 . . . Salt and timber . . . mechanized:
Billings and Blee,
The Road to Poverty,
pp. 243, 264–9; Housing Assistance Council, “Central Appalachia,” p. 58; Christopher Price, “The Impact of the Mechanization of the Coal Mining Industry on the Population and Economy of Twentieth Century West Virginia,”
West Virginia Historical Society Quarterly
22, no. 3 (2008), pp. 2–3; Amanda Paulson, “In Coal Country, Heat Rises over Latest Method of Mining,”
The Christian Science Monitor
, Jan. 3, 2006, p. 2.

Mountaintop removal
:
See, e.g., House and Howard,
Something’s Rising
, pp. 1–2, 12–3; Billings and Blee,
The Road to Poverty,
p. 243; Paulson, “In Coal Country, Heat Rises over Latest Method of Mining,” p. 2.

“double jeopardy”
:
Christopher Bollinger, James P. Ziliak, and Kenneth R. Troske, “Down from the Mountain: Skill Upgrading and Wages in Appalachia,”
Journal of Labor Economics
29, no. 4, October 2011, p. 843.

catastrophic industrial accidents
:
House and Howard,
Something’s Rising
, p. 9; Erikson,
Everything in Its Path,
p. i
(describing a 1972 industrially caused “avalanche of black water and mine waste” in West Virginia and its aftermath). Some of the Buffalo Creek victims did eventually win a lawsuit and receive damages. Ibid., pp. 247–8.

marshmallow test
:
See Walter Mischel, Ebbe B. Ebbeson, and Antonette Raskoff Zeiss, “Cognitive and Attentional Mechanisms in Delay of Gratification,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
21, no. 2 (1972), pp. 204–18.

reran the test with a new wrinkle
:
Celeste Kidd et al., “Rational Snacking: Young Children’s Decision-Making on the Marshmallow Task Is Moderated by Beliefs About Environmental Reliability,”
Cognition
126 (2013), pp. 109–14.

childhood poverty and abuse
:
See, e.g., W. R. Lovallo et al., “Early Life Adversity Contributes to Impaired Cognition and Impulsive Behavior: Studies from the Oklahoma Family Health Patterns Project,”
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
37, no. 4 (2013), pp. 616–23. One researcher theorizes that this result is due to long-term change in brain functioning. William R. Lovallo, “Early Life Adversity Reduces Stress Reactivity and Enhances Impulsive Behavior: Implications for Health Behaviors,”
International
Journal of Psychophysiology
(in press), abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23085387.

Girls who become pregnant
:
Rumbaut, “Paradise Shift,” pp. 23–4, 33–4.

“growing concern”
:
Cathy Brownfield, “Abuse Is Devastating in Appalachia,”
Salem News
, Mar. 11, 2012, http://www.salemnews.net/page/content.detail/id/552029.

roughly two hundred thousand
:
Joe Mackall,
Plain Secrets: An Outsider Among the Amish
(Boston: Beacon Press, 2007), pp. 5, 7.

Renno Amish
:
Richard A. Stevick,
Growing Up Amish: The Teenage
Years
(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007), pp. 10–1, 43; “Indiana Amish,” Amish America, http://amishamerica.com/indiana-amish (“Swiss Amish only travel by open buggy”).

Beachy Amish
 . . . Swartzentruber Amish:
Mackall,
Plain Secrets
, pp. xxi–xxii.

“when they are in diapers”
:
Stevick,
Growing Up Amish
, pp. 41, 47, 55, 62, 81, 106–7, 112–3.

unconditional compliance
:
John A. Hostetler,
Amish Society
(4th ed.) (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), pp. 77.

Fairy tales, science fiction
:
Stevick,
Growing Up Amish
, p. 72.

conducted in “high” German
:
Ibid., p. 22.

“usually keep to the task”
:
Ibid., p. 106.

extreme humility
 . . . “Do not be haughty”:
Hostetler,
Amish Society
, pp. 77, 247.

taught to abhor any effort by one individual to rise
:
Mackall,
Plain Secrets
, pp. 40–1; Stevick,
Growing Up Amish
, p. 43.

“
high
school and
higher
education produce
Hochmut
”
:
Stevick,
Growing Up Amish
, p. 61.

Nietzsche
 . . . Christianity . . . reverse superiority:
Friedrich Nietzsche,
On the Genealogy of Morality,
trans. Maudemarie Clark and Alan J. Swensen (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Co., 1998) (1887), pp. 16–7 (describing Christianity as motivated by a “desire for revenge” and as consummating Judaism’s “slave morality,” which proclaims that “the poor, powerless, lowly alone are the good . . . whereas you, you noble and powerful ones, you are in all eternity the evil”); see also James Q. Whitman,
Harsh Justice: Criminal Punishment and
the Widening Divide Between America and Europe
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 21 (according to Nietzsche, the horrific punishments in the afterlife contemplated by Christianity offered people “the immense satisfaction of witnessing the torments of the damned, and being thereby confirmed in their own blessed superiority”).

“not highly ethnocentric”
 . . . accept other people:
Hostetler,
Amish Society
, p. 77.

don’t even believe they are saved
:
Mackall,
Plain Secrets
, p. 8.

“contaminat[ed]”
:
Stevick,
Growing Up Amish
, p. 63; see also Hostetler,
Amish Society
, pp. 75–6.

“Letting children go unsupervised”
:
Stevick,
Growing Up Amish
, p. 109.

“to be separate from the world”
:
Ibid., pp. 7–8.

try to suppress the kind of thinking
:
Ibid., pp. 43–4.

“spirit of competition”
 . . . “when batting and catching”:
Ibid., p. 112.

the Amish have their worries
:
See, e.g., Hostetler,
Amish Society
, pp. 119–20.

aren’t worried about proving themselves in America’s eyes
:
See, e.g., Stevick,
Growing Up Amish
, pp. 55–6.

“love of money”
 . . . “last shall be” . . . “camel”:
Timothy 6:10; Matthew 20:16; Matthew 19:24.

“remarkable” fact
:
Max Weber,
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
(New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 35.

Calvinist doctrine taught
:
Ibid., pp. 93–106; Guy Oakes, “The Thing That Would Not Die: Notes on Refutation,” in Hartmut Lehmann and Guenther Roth, eds.,
Weber’s Protestant Ethic: Origins, Evidence, Contexts
(Washington, DC: Cambridge University Press, German Historical Institute, 1993), p. 286.

“The question,
Am I one of the elect
”
:
Weber,
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
, p. 110 (italics added).

“doctrine of proof”
:
Ibid., p. 122.

“calling”
:
Ibid.,
pp. 160–2.

“could measure his worth”
:
Max Weber, “Anticritical Last Word on the Spirit of Capitalism,”
American Journal of Sociology
83, no. 5 (1978), p. 1124, quoted in Malcolm H. MacKinnon, “The Longevity of the Thesis: A Critique of the Critics,” in Lehmann and Roth,
Weber’s Protestant Ethic
, pp. 211, 224; see also Weber,
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
, pp. 176–7; Oakes, “The Thing That Would Not Die,” pp. 285, 286–9.

They had to show everyone
:
Oakes, “The Thing That Would Not Die,” pp. 287–8.

Inherited wealth
 . . . national differences . . . minorities or majorities:
Weber,
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
, pp. 35–46.

geography can shape
:
See Jared Diamond,
Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies
(New York and London: W. W. Norton & Co., 1999).

success is a “sign of divine favor”
:
James Carroll, “The Mormon Arrival,”
Boston Globe
, Aug. 7, 2011.

Word of Wisdom
:
Matthew Bowman,
The Mormon People: The Making of an American Faith
(New York: Random House, 2012), pp. 169–70.

“Family Home Evening”
:
Ibid., pp. 168–9.

Missionary work increased
:
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, “History of Missionary Work in the Church,” Jun. 25, 2007, http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/history-of-missionary-work-in-the-church. The over 650,000 post-1990 estimate stated in the text is an extrapolation from the figure given by the Church for 1990–2007, which was approximately 535,000. Ibid.

banned polygamy, in 1904
:
Bowman,
The Mormon People
, pp. 159–60.

Mormons turned outward
:
Ibid., pp. 151, 152–3, 217; Jan Shipps,
Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition
(Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1985), pp. 114–6. On the separatist Utah phase of Mormon history, see Franklin D. Daines, “Separatism in Utah, 1847–1870,”
Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1917
(Washington, DC, 1920), pp. 331–43.

refused to go along with the renunciation
:
Bowman,
The Mormon People
, pp. 178–9.

Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
:
Jon Krakauer,
Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith
(New York: Doubleday, 2003), pp. 10–5, 167.

don’t refrain from alcohol, cigarettes, or coffee
:
Nate Carlisle, “Alcohol, Coffee and Why the FLDS Drink Them,”
Salt Lake Tribune
, Mar. 1, 2013, http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/blogspolygblog/55924890-185/flds-coffee-church-sltrib.html.csp.

Colorado City is one of the poorest
:
U.S. Census, American Community Survey, Table DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics (2010 5-year dataset) (geographical designations: United States; Colorado City, Arizona) (showing a 36.5 percent poverty rate for all Colorado City families, compared with 10 percent for the country overall).

post-traumatic stress
 . . . genetic scars:
Jeffrey Kluger, “Genetic Scars of the Holocaust: Children Suffer Too,”
Time
, Sept. 9, 2010; Harvey A. Barocas and Carol B. Barocas, “Separation-Individuation Conflicts in Children of Holocaust Survivors,”
Journal of Contemporary Psychology
11, no. 1 (1998), pp. 6–14.

outperform other groups economically
:
Aaron Hass,
In the Shadow of the Holocaust: The Second Generation
(Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 1996), p. 44; Ephraim Yuchtman-Yaar and Gila Menachem, “Socioeconomic Achievements of Holocaust Survivors in Israel: The First and Second Generation,”
Contemporary Jewry
13
(1992), pp. 95–123; Morton Weinfeld and John J. Sigal, “Educational and Occupational Achievement of Adult Children of Holocaust Survivors,” in Usial Oskar Schmelz and Sergio Della Pergola, eds.,
Papers in Jewish Demography 1985: Proceedings of the Demographic Sessions Held at the 9th World Congress of Jewish Studies
(Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1985), p. 359.

“I remember as a child always worrying”
:
Fran Klein-Parker, “Dominant Attitudes of Adult Children of Holocaust Survivors Toward their Parents,” in John P. Wilson, Zev Harel, and Boaz Kahana, eds.,
Human Adaptation to Extreme Stress: From the Holocaust to Vietnam
(New York: Plenum, 1988), pp. 207–8.