The Undivided Past (46 page)

136.
Davies, “Identities,” p. 1; Hastings,
Construction of Nationhood
, p. 32.

    1.
T. Hunt,
The Frock-Coated Communist: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels
(London, 2009), pp. 65–66, 119.

    2.
Ibid., pp. 119–21; G. Stedman Jones, introduction to K. Marx and F. Engels,
The Communist Manifesto
(London, 2002 ed.), pp. 70–73; D. R. Kelley, “The Metaphysics of Law: An Essay on the Very Young Marx,”
American Historical Review
83 (1978): 350–67.

    3.
Hunt,
Engel
s, pp. 120, 123; Stedman Jones, introduction to
The Communist Manifesto
, pp. 50–53.

    4.
A. Briggs,
Victorian Cities
(Berkeley, 1993 ed.), p. 87; Hunt,
Engels
, pp. 78–102.

    5.
Stedman Jones, introduction to
The Communist Manifesto
, p. 64; Hunt,
Engels
, pp. 131–34.

    6.
Marx and Engels,
The Communist Manifesto
, pp. 196, 219, 258.

    7.
The intellectual borrowings, indebtednesses, adaptations, and denials are comprehensively discussed in Stedman Jones, introduction to
The Communist Manifesto
, pp. 50–177; G. Lichtheim,
Marxism: An Historical and Critical Study
, 2nd ed. (London, 1964), pp. 33–62; E. J. Hobsbawm,
How to Change the World: Marx and Marxism, 1840–2011
(London, 2011), pp. 16–47.

    8.
Stedman Jones, introduction to
The Communist Manifesto
, pp. 99–119.

    9.
Hunt,
Engels
, pp. 14–17, 61.

  10.
Lichtheim,
Marxism
, pp. 3–20, 45; D. Priestland,
The Red Flag: Communism and the Making of the Modern World
(London, 2009), p. 45.

  11.
Hunt,
Engels
, pp. 41–46, 54–56, 123–25, 131–33; Stedman Jones, introduction to
The Communist Manifesto
, pp. 8–9, 38, 81–119, 140–44.

  12.
M. Howard,
War and the Nation State
(Oxford, 1978), pp. 9–11.

  13.
Marx and Engels,
Communist Manifesto
, pp. 223, 234, 241.

  14.
H. Schulze,
States, Nations, and Nationalism: From the Middle Ages to the Present
(Oxford, 1996), p. 257.

  15.
This paragraph is based on D. Cannadine,
Class in Britain
(London, 1998), pp. 2–3, 54–56, and the references cited there.

  16.
K. Marx and F. Engels,
The German Ideology
(New York, 1947), pp. 48–49.

  17.
Cannadine,
Class in Britain
, p. 3.

  18.
R. W. Miller, “Social and Political Theory: Class, State, Revolution,” in T. Carver, ed.,
The Cambridge Companion to Marx
(Cambridge, 1992), p. 56.

  19.
G. Lukács,
History and Class Consciousness
(Cambridge, Mass., 1971 ed.), pp. 46–82; Priestland,
Red Flag
, pp. 110–11; Cannadine,
Class in Britain
, pp. 3–4.

  20.
Marx and Engels,
Communist Manifesto
, pp. 222, 258.

  21.
Ibid., pp. 220, 226; Miller, “Social and Political Theory,” p. 56.

  22.
Marx and Engels,
Communist Manifesto
, pp. 233, 244.

  23.
W. G. Runciman,
Great Books, Bad Arguments: “Republic,” “Leviathan,” and “The Communist Manifesto”
(Princeton, 2010), pp. 90–95.

  24.
Ibid., pp. 98–99.

  25.
Cannadine,
Class in Britain
, pp. 8–9.

  26.
Miller, “Social and Political Theory,” p. 62.

  27.
Ibid., pp. 96–97.

  28.
Cannadine,
Class in Britain
, pp. 9–10.

  29.
Marx and Engels,
Communist Manifesto
, p. 224.

  30.
Miller, “Social and Political Theory,” pp. 63–65.

  31.
Marx and Engels,
Communist Manifesto
, pp. 231, 247.

  32.
Ibid., p. 235.

  33.
S. Maza,
The Myth of the French Bourgeoisie: An Essay in the Social Imaginary, 1750–1850
(Cambridge, Mass., 2003), pp. 2–6, 180, 194–95; D. Bell, “Class, Consciousness, and the Fall of the Bourgeois Revolution,”
Critical Review
16 (2004): 323–51.

  34.
Runciman,
Great Books, Bad Arguments
, pp. 105–7; D. Wahrman,
Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 1780–1840
(Cambridge, 1995), pp. 273–89, 411–13.

  35.
Hunt,
Engels
, p. 115.

  36.
Historians have often been divided on political lines in their assessment of the veracity of Engels’s account. For an admiring view, see E. J. Hobsbawm, introduction to F. Engels,
The Condition of the Working Class in England
(London, 1969 ed.), p. 15. For a hostile view, see W. H. Chaloner and W. O. Henderson, eds.,
The Condition of the Working Class in England
(Oxford, 1958), pp. xxx–xxxi. For more balanced views, see Briggs,
Victorian Cities
, pp. 105–17; Hunt,
Engels
, pp. 103–17.

  37.
Marx and Engels,
Communist Manifesto
, pp. 199, 233; Miller, “Social and Political Theory,” pp. 62–63; Hunt,
Engels
, pp. 149–51.

  38.
Stedman Jones, introduction to
The Communist Manifesto
, p. 8.

  39.
Ibid., p. 15; Marx and Engels,
Communist Manifesto
, p. 258.

  40.
Runciman,
Great Books, Bad Arguments
, p. 91; A. Brown,
The Rise and Fall of Communism
(London, 2009), p. 20.

  41.
Marx and Engels,
Communist Manifesto
, p. 244.

  42.
Lichtheim,
Marxism
, pp. 373–75; Runciman,
Great Books, Bad Arguments
, pp. 15–16, 87–89.

  43.
The Red Republican
, November 9, 1850, pp. 161–62.

  44.
Stedman Jones, introduction to
The Communist Manifesto
, pp. 14–19, 39–49; Marx and Engels,
Communist Manifesto
, p. 218; Hobsbawm,
How to Change the World
, pp. 176–80.

  45.
Stedman Jones, introduction to
The Communist Manifesto
, p. 25; Marx and Engels,
Communist Manifesto
, p. 203; Hunt,
Engels
, p. 279.

  46.
H. and J. M. Tudor, eds.,
Marxism and Social Democracy: The Revisionist Debate, 1896–1898
(Cambridge, 1988), pp. 85, 168–69; Lichtheim,
Marxism
, pp. 259–300; Brown,
Rise and Fall of Communism
, pp. 38–39.

  47.
Stedman Jones, introduction to
The Communist Manifesto
, pp. 18–21.

  48.
Priestland,
Red Flag
, pp. 59–60; Runciman,
Great Books, Bad Arguments
, pp. 107–8.

  49.
E. J. Hobsbawm,
Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality
, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 1992), p. 130.

  50.
Marx and Engels,
Communist Manifesto
, p. 211.

  51.
Brown,
Rise and Fall of Communism
, pp. 1–10.

  52.
Marx and Engels,
Communist Manifesto
, p. 196; Lichtheim,
Marxism
, pp. 325–28; Hunt,
Engels
, pp. 273–76; H. Wada, “Marx and Revolutionary Russia,” in T. Shanin, ed.,
The Late Marx and the Russian Road
(London, 1983), pp. 40–75; D. R. Kelley, “The Science of Anthropology: An Essay on the Very Old Marx,”
Journal of the History of Ideas
45 (1984): 245–62.

  53.
Priestland,
Red Flag
, p. 29; Brown,
Rise and Fall of Communism
, p. 49. The evolution of Lenin’s thought on these matters can be traced in
The Development of Capitalism in Russia
(1899),
What Is to Be Done?
(1902), and
One Step Forward, Two Steps Back
(1904).

  54.
Lichtheim,
Marxism
, pp. 330–43; Brown,
Rise and Fall of Communism
, pp. 32–41; Priestland,
Red Flag
, pp. 76–77.

  55.
Brown,
Rise and Fall of Communism
, pp. 51–52.

  56.
K. Kautsky,
The Dictatorship of the Proletariat
(Ann Arbor, 1964 ed.), pp. 19–20, 140; Hunt,
Engels
, p. 360; Lichtheim,
Marxism
, p. 270; Brown,
Rise and Fall of Communism
, pp. 52–54, 78.

  57.
S. Davies,
Popular Opinion in Stalin’s Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934–1941
(Cambridge, 1997), p. 139; Brown,
Rise and Fall of Communism
, pp. 59, 67; Priestland,
Red Flag
, pp. 93–94, 170.

  58.
Priestland,
Red Flag
, pp. xxvi, 139, 157–60, 206; Brown,
Rise and Fall of Communism
, pp. 2, 60–64.

  59.
J. Riddell, ed.,
Founding the Communist International: Proceedings of the First Congress, March 1919
(New York, 1987), pp. 222–32; Priestland,
Red Flag
, p. 113.

  60.
Priestland,
Red Flag
, p. 107; Brown,
Rise and Fall of Communism
, pp. 78–84.

  61.
C. S. Maier,
Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade After World War I
(Princeton, 1975), passim.

  62.
Hobsbawm,
How to Change the World
, pp. 344–84.

  63.
Priestland,
Red Flag
, pp. 454, 462, 480; T. Judt,
Ill Fares the Land
(New York, 2010), p. 236.

  64.
D. Cannadine, ed.,
The Speeches of Winston Churchill
(Harmondsworth, 1990), pp. 303, 339.

  65.
M. Leffler,
For the Soul of All Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union and the Cold War
(New York, 2007), p. 98; E. Foner,
The Story of American Freedom
(New York, 1998), p. 253; Priestland,
Red Flag
, pp. xxiv, 230, 233, 325, 379.

  66.
D. Cannadine,
Making History Now and Then: Discoveries, Controversies and Explorations
(London, 2008), pp. 97–100.

  67.
Priestland,
Red Flag
, pp. xix–xx.

  68.
R. Mitter,
A Bitter Revolution: China’s Struggle with the Modern World
(Oxford, 2004), p. 159; Marx and Engels,
Communist Manifesto
, p. 263, note 25; Priestland,
Red Flag
, pp. 252–58; Brown,
Rise and Fall of Communism
, p. 100.

  69.
Priestland,
Red Flag
, p. 237; Judt,
Ill Fares the Land
, pp. 88–90.

  70.
Hansard
, House of Lords, July 6, 1966, column 1136; Priestland,
Red Flag
, pp. 328–35, 342; Brown,
Rise and Fall of Communism
, pp. 240–43, 268–77.

  71.
Priestland,
Red Flag
, pp. 353–57, 375, 383, 391–98.

  72.
J. H. Kautsky,
Communism and the Politics of Development: Revisionist Myths and Changing Behavior
(New York, 1968), p. 216; Brown,
Rise and Fall of Communism
, pp. 3, 606–7.

  73.
R. Aldous,
Reagan and Thatcher: The Difficult Relationship
(New York, 2012), p. 179; M. Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years
(London, 1993), p. 463.

  74.
Runciman,
Great Books, Bad Arguments
, pp. 13–14, 95.

  75.
Brown,
Rise and Fall of Communism
, pp. 10, 616; Runciman,
Great Books, Bad Arguments
, pp. 91, 113–14.

  76.
Cannadine,
Class in Britain
, p. 2; Stedman Jones, introduction to
The Communist Manifesto
, p. 5.

  77.
E. J. Hobsbawm,
Interesting Times: A Twentieth-Century Life
(London, 2002), pp. 56, 127.

  78.
V. Kiernan, “Notes on Marxism in 1968,” in R. Miliband and J. Saville, eds.,
The Socialist Register, 1968
(London, 1968), pp. 190–95. Initially, this generation also included such figures as the young J. H. Plumb and the young Hugh Trevor-Roper, who “accepted certain fundamental tenets of Marxist dogma, believing in the omnipotence of economics and the inevitability of class struggle.” A. Sisman,
Hugh Trevor-Roper: The Biography
(London, 2010), p. 202.

  79.
E. J. Hobsbawm, “The Historians’ Group of the Communist Party,” in M. Cornforth, ed.,
Rebels and Their Causes
(London, 1978), pp. 21–47; R. Samuel, “British Marxist Historians, 1880–1980,”
New Left Review
, no. 120 (1980): 42–55; H. Kaye,
The British Marxist Historians: An Introductory Analysis
(Cambridge, 1984), pp. 7–22; Kaye,
The Education of Desire: Marxists and the Writing of History
(London, 1992), pp. 18–30.

  80.
A. L. Morton,
A People’s History of England
(London, 1938); M. Dobb,
Studies in the Development of Capitalism
(London, 1946). See also Kaye,
Education of Desire
, pp. 116–24; Kaye,
British Marxist Historians
, pp. 23–50; P. M. Sweezy, ed.,
The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism: A Symposium
(New York, 1954); R. H. Hilton, ed.,
The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism
(London, 1976).

  81.
Hobsbawm, “Historians’ Group,” p. 23. For two other influential books published at this time, which treated particular episodes in English history from a Marxist perspective, see H. Fagan,
Nine Days
That Shook England: An Account of the People’s Uprising in 1381
(London, 1938); H. Holorenshaw,
The Levellers and the English Revolution
(London, 1939). Holorenshaw was a pseudonym for Joseph Needham.

  82.
E. P. Thompson,
The Making of the English Working Class
(Harmondsworth, 1968), p. 11.