The Weight of Shadows (28 page)
Read The Weight of Shadows Online
Authors: José Orduña
Pages 8
and
9:
“Border Insecurity; Criminal Illegal Aliens; Deadly Imports; Illegal Alien Amnesty,” Transcripts, CNN, April 14, 2005,
http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0504/14/ldt.01.html
.
Page 10:
I drew statistics regarding leprosy cases in the United States from what I believed to be the most reliable source, “Hansen's Disease Data & Statistics,” graph D, US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration,
http://www.hrsa.gov/hansensdisease/dataandstatistics.html
.
Page 15:
The Reagan quote is from his “Statement on Signing the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986,” November 6, 1986, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum,
http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1986/110686b.htm
.
Page 20:
My summation and interpretation of the history of US-Mexican relations during the early part of the twentieth century was based on information found in Francisco Balderrama and Raymond Rodriguez,
Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s
(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006), 60â101.
Page 20:
Information and quotes about the Mexican Repatriation comes from California's Apology Act for the 1930s Mexican Repatriation Program (SB 670), enacted in 2005,
ftp://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/05-06/bill/sen/sb_0651-0700/sb_670_bill_20051007_chaptered.html
.
Page 20:
William Kenaston Jr., oral history from Carlos Larralde and Richard Griswold del Castillo, “San Diego's Ku Klux Klan 1920â1980,”
Journal of San Diego History
46, nos. 2 and 3 (Spring/Summer 2000),
http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/2000-2/klan.htm
.
Page 21:
William Carrigan and Clive Webb, “The Lynching of Persons of Mexican Origin or Descent in the United States, 1848 to 1928,”
Journal of Social History
37, no. 2 (Winter 2003): 411â38.
Pages 22
and
23:
US-Mexican relations, including two quotes (“By the dawn of the twentieth century”): Gilbert González, and Raúl Fernandez, “Empire and the Origins of Twentieth-Century Migration from Mexico to the United States,”
Pacific Historical Review
71, no. 1 (February 2002): 19â57. My summation and interpretation is also informed by Janice Lee Jayes,
The Illusion of Ignorance: Constructing the American Encounter with Mexico, 1877â1920
(Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2011); “identical aims and ideals” is from page 128 and the horrendous conditions under the Porfiriato are from page 129.
Page 23:
Percentages of oil output by Mexican Eagle Company and Jersey Standard and Standard Oil Company of California: “Milestones: 1937â1945: Mexican Expropriation of Foreign Oil, 1938,” US Department of State, Office of the Historian,
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/mexican-oil
.
Page 35:
ACLU recommendation:
Know Your Rights: When Encountering Law Enforcement
, American Civil Liberties Union,
https://www.aclu.org/files/kyr/kyr_english.pdf
.
Page 35
: New York Times
figures regarding deportations based on minor infractions: Ginger Thompson and Sarah Cohen, “More Deportations Follow Minor Crimes, Records Show,”
New York Times
, April 6, 2014,
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/07/us/more-deportations-follow-minor-crimes-data-shows.html
.
Page 36:
The “1.7 million” figure comes from Monica L. Heppel and Sandra L. Amendola,
Immigration Reform and Perishable Crop Agriculture: Compliance or Circumvention?
(Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1992), 23.
Page 36:
The $185 fee and criteria for qualifying come from my own family's paperwork.
Page 36:
Information about the declawed employer sanctions imposed under the IRCA is based on Nicholas Laham,
Ronald Reagan and the Politics of Immigration Reform
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000), 22â75.
Page 39:
The number of people who applied for relief under the agricultural worker criteria, 1.3 million, comes from Rachel L. Swarns, “Failed Amnesty Legislation of 1986 Haunts the Current Immigration Bills in Congress,”
New York Times
, May 23, 2006,
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/23/washington/23amnesty.html
.
Page 40:
The quoted paperwork verification requirement comes from “Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986,” Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,
http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/thelaw/irca.html
. Information about what it would take the Justice Department to prosecute employers: Laham,
Ronald Reagan and the Politics of Immigration Reform
, 151. Ronald Reagan quotation: “Statement on Signing the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986,” November 6, 1986, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum,
http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1986/110686b.htm
.
Pages 41
and
42:
My interpretation and summation of US involvement in Guatemala is based on Stephen M. Streeter, “Guatemala,” in
Encyclopedia of U.S. Military Interventions in Latin America
, ed. Alan L. McPherson (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2013), 251â54; quotes regarding communication of knowledge of massacres in Guatemala: Daniel Wilkinson,
Silence on the Mountain: Stories of Terror, Betrayal, and Forgetting in Guatemala
, American Encounters/Global Interactions (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004), 326â27.
Page 42:
Truth commission report:
Guatemala: Memory of Silence
, Commission for Historical Clarification, 1999.
Page 45:
This chapter was written before Edward Snowden's disclosures, before mass surveillance had become a verifiable reality in the public consciousness. The type of surveillance and administration immigrants are subject to are more direct and more immediately consequential than the general population experiences. That is not to suggest that any amount of unwarranted surveillance is acceptable.
Page 55:
My characterization of the post-9/11 “top-secret architecture” comes from Dana Priest and William M. Arkin, “A Hidden World, Growing beyond Control,” Washington Post, July 19, 2010.
Page 55:
US-VISIT and Accenture: “US-VISIT Documents, FOIA Electronic Reading Room,” Department of Homeland Security,
http://www.dhs.gov/us-visit-documents-foia-electronic-reading-room
. Quotes regarding US-VISIT's current capabilities and goals for the future:
Biometric Standards Requirements for US-VISIT
, Department of Homeland Security, 2010,
http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/usvisit/usvisit_biometric_standards.pdf
.
Page 59:
LAPD Suspicious Activity Report program: “More About Suspicious Activity Reporting,” American Civil Liberties Union,
https://www.aclu.org/more-about-suspicious-activity-reporting
; “Information Sharing Environment (ISE); Functional Standard (FS); Suspicious Activity Reporting (SAR)”; Information Sharing Environment,
https://www.ise.gov/sites/default/files/ISE-FS-200_ISE-SAR_Functional_Standard_V1_5_Issued_2009.pdf
.
Page 61:
Quote about Tasty Tacos: “Our Story,” Tasty Tacos,
http://www.tastytacos.com/history.html
.
Pages 63
and
70:
Quotes from Paz: Octavio Paz,
The Labyrinth of Solitude
(New York: Grove, 1985), 195â212.
Page 71:
Massumi quotes: Brian Massumi and Gregory J. Seigworth, “The Future Birth of the Affective Fact,” in
The Affect Theory Reader
, ed. Melissa Gregg (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010), 52â70.
Page 73:
Panopticon: Michel Foucault,
Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
(New York: Pantheon, 1977), 207.
Page 82:
Andrea Mantegna: Andrew Martindale, “The Middle Age of Andrea Mantegna,” Selwyn Brinton Lecture,
Journal of the Royal Society of Arts
, 627â42; Medici: “The Father of Leveraged Finance: Cosimo di Giovanni de Medici,” Global Sage,
http://www.globalsage.com/pdf/track_record_10.pdf
.
Page 85:
Same-sex immigration relief: Julia Preston, “For Gay Immigrants, Marriage Ruling Brings Relief and a Path to a Green Card,”
New York Times
, July 17, 2015.
Page 88:
Deportable offenses after 1996: “Analysis of Immigration Detention Policies,” American Civil Liberties Union,
https://www.aclu.org/analysis-immigration-detention-policies
.
Page 91:
Sex industry in the Philippine gross national product: Janice G. Raymond,
Not a Choice, Not a Job: Exposing the Myths about Prostitution and the Global Sex Trade
(Washington, DC: Potomac, 2013), 133,
Page 93:
“Theater of libido”: Alphonso Lingis,
Abuses
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 115.
Page 93:
Amerasians in the Philippines: Ted Regencia, “No Way Home for Filipino âAmerasians'”
Al Jazeera English
, April 25, 2014,
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/04/no-way-home-filipino-amerasians-philippines-military-base-20144257129226765.html
; preferential treatment for certain Amerasians: “Definition of Terms,” Department of Homeland Security,
http://www.dhs.gov/definition-terms
.
Page 95:
The beginning of the Philippine Revolution and the role of the Irreconcilables: John A. Larkin, “The Place of Local History in Philippine Historiography,”
Journal of Southeast Asian History
8, no. 2 (1967): 306; Paolo E. Coletta, “Bryan, McKinley, and the Treaty of Paris,”
Pacific Historical Review
26, no. 2 (1957): 131â46; Renato Constantino,
The Philippines: A Past Revisited
(Quezon City: Tala Services, 1975).
Pages 96
,
97
, and
99:
Indigenous resistance to missionaries: Alfred W. McCoy, “Baylan: Animist Religion and Philippine Peasant Ideology,”
Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society
10, no. 3 (1982): 141â94.
Pages 96
and
97:
Magellan and rajah of Cebu: Nick Joaquin, “Lapu-Lapu and Humabon: The Filipino as Twins,”
Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society
7, nos. 1â2 (1979): 51â58.
Page 99:
Philippine peasant revolts: McCoy, “Baylan”; Joaquin, “Lapu-Lapu.”
Page 103:
Moro Sultanates: Astrid S. Tuminez, “Neither Sovereignty nor Autonomy: Continuing Conflict in the Southern Philippines,”
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting
(American Society of International Law) 102 (2008): 122â25.
Page 106:
Eduardo Murphy Cojuangco Jr.: Carlos H. Conde, “In Philippines, Political Clans Hold Their Ground,”
New York Times
, May 20, 2004.
Page 107:
Theodore Roosevelt: John B. Judis,
The Folly of Empire: What George W. Bush Could Learn from Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson
(New York: Scribner, 2004), 60.
Page 113:
Postville: Spencer S. Hsu, “Immigration Raid Jars a Small Town,”
Washington Post
, May 18, 2008.
Pages 116
and
117:
Herbert Hoover birth cottage and Isis statue: “Herbert Hoover National Historic Site, Iowa,” National Park Service,
http://www.nps.gov/heho/index.htm
.
Page 117:
The quote “physical proof of the unbounded opportunity of American life,” was taken from ibid.
Page 118:
Quote and discussion of Isis in relation to Athena: “Isis and Osiris,” part 1 of 5, in Plutarch's
Moralia
, Bill Thayer's website, University of Chicago,
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris*/A.html
.
Page 118:
Obama breaking deportation records: Ana Gonzalez-Barrera and Jens Manuel Krogstad, “U.S. Deportations of Immigrants Reach Record High in 2013,” October 2, 2014, Pew Research Center,
http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/10/02/u-s-deportations-of-immigrants-reach-record-high-in-2013
.
Page 119:
Hoover and the Mexican Repatriation: Apology Act for the 1930s Mexican Repatriation Program (SB 670).
Page 124:
“The Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” United Nations,
http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr
.
Page 125:
“Kill program” deemed legal: Tara McKelvey, “Interview with Harold Koh, Obama's Defender of Drone Strikes,”
Daily Beast
, April 8, 2012,
http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/04/08/interview-with-harold-koh-obama-s-defender-of-drone-strikes.html
.
Page 126:
Customs and Border Patrol figure of 365 migrant deaths in the Southwest in 2010: “U.S. Border Patrol Fiscal Year Southwest Border Sector Deaths (FY 1998âFY 2014),” US Customs and Border Protection,
http://www.cbp.gov/document/stats/us-border-patrol-fiscal-year-southwest-border-sector-deaths-fy-1998-fy-2014
.
Page 127:
South and Central American migrants kidnapped in a six-month period: “More Than 11,000 Migrants Abducted in Mexico,”
BBC News
, February 23, 2011,
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-12549484
.