The World Split Open (82 page)

70
. This argument is made by Anthony Rotundo in
American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era
(New York: Basic Books, 1993).

71
. Unpublished research paper by author, 1972, on what had and had not changed in the advertising promoted by women's magazines. I compared advertising in
Godey's Lady's Book
during the 1860s with
McCall's
and
Ladies' Home Journal
in the 1960s. APA.

72
. A good example of radical feminists' attack against fashion and the “capitalist” commodiflcation of bodies can be found in “Capitalists Discover Women's Liberation,” Liberation News Service, undated, circa 1970, Media Protest Files, UWA; interview with Christopher Lasch, May 17, 1989, Berkeley, California.

1
. For more detailed discussions and different interpretations about why the ERA battle was lost and lasted until 1983, see Theodore S. Arrington and Patricia A. Kyle, “Equal Rights Amendment Activists in North Carolina,”
Signs
(Spring 1978): 666–80; for profiles of anti-ERA opponents, see David W. Brady and Kent Tedin, “Ladies in Pink: Religion and Political Ideology in the Anti-ERA Movement,”
Social Science Quarterly
45 (March 1976): 564–75. Also see Jane De Hart Mathew and Donald Mathew, “The Cultural Politics of ERA's Defeat,”
Organization of American Historians Newsletter
10, 4 (November 1982): 13–15. See the Bibliography.

2
. Midge Decter,
The New Chastity: And Other Arguments against Women's Liberation
(New York: Berkeley, 1972); Phyllis Schlafly,
The Power of the Positive Woman
(New York: Jove/HBJ, 1977); Lisa Cronin Wohl, “Phyllis Schlafly: The Sweetheart of the Silent Majority,”
Ms.
, March 1974, 63, and
the longer biography by Carol Festenthal,
The Sweetheart of the Silent Majority
(New York: Doubleday, 1981).

3
. Richard Viguerie,
The New Right: We're Ready to Lead
(Falls Church, Va.: The Viguerie Company, 1980), 196.

4
. See Arlie Russell Hochschild,
The Second Shift
(New York: Viking, 1989).

5
. See, for example, Pamela Johnston Conover and Virginia Gray,
Feminism and the New Right: Conflict over the American Family
(New York: Praeger, 1983); Andrea Dworkin,
Right-Wing Women
(New York: Perigee Books, 1983); Zillah Eisenstein,
Feminism and Sexual Equality: Crisis in Liberal America
(New York: Monthly Review Press, 1984). One of the best works that provides an historical context for the curricula battles is Lawrence Levine,
The Opening of the American Mind
(Boston: Beacon, 1996). Some of the best archival material on antifeminist sentiment can be found in a new collection called
Antifeminism in America: A Collection of Readings from the Literature of the Opponents to U.S. Feminism, 1948 to the Present
, edited with introductions by Angela Howard and Sasha Ranae Adams Tarrant (New York: Garland Press, 1997).

The literature on the cultural wars is vast. However, the majority of commentators have not recognized how deeply the gender wars have shaped the assumption of both sides in the cultural wars. See the Bibliography.

6
. Those who might be included under such progressive views include Barbara Ehrenreich, Katha Pollitt, Ellen Goodman, Patricia Ireland, and Marian Wright Edelman. Hillary Rodham Clinton's controversial book
It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), as well as Judith Stacey's
In the Name of the Family: Rethinking Family Values in the Postmodern Age
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1996), both acknowledge the atomization and fragmentation of postmodern society and try to find ways to sustain the nurture of children and families, even within these limits.

7
. Christopher Lasch,
The Minimal Self: Psychic Survival in Troubled Times
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1984) and
The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1978), as well as Robert C. Bellah, et al.,
Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), all set the terms of debate on the lost sense of a common good in American culture.

8
. During the baby boom (technically, 1946 to 1964), each year produced more babies. Since women tend to marry men older than themselves, they found a “shortage” of men who were older than they. Since men tend to marry younger women, men of the baby boom generation always had more women available. This peculiar demographic profile changed with the emergence of the baby bust generation in 1964, in which men found fewer young women, and women found more older available men.

9
.
The Second Stage
(New York: Summit, 1981) created quite a flurry and much debate. For a sample of reviews and news about the book, see Pamela Marsh,
“Betty Friedan Calls for Less Abrasiveness, More Emphasis on the Family,”
Christian Science Monitor
, October 28, 1981, 17; Susan Lee, “Just What Does She Want?”
Wall Street Journal
, December 4, 1981, 24; Bella Abzug, “Forming a Real Women's Bloc,”
Nation
, November 28, 1981, 576; Ellen Willis, “Betty Friedan's ‘Second Stage': A Step Backward,”
Nation
, November 1, 1981, 494; Herma Hill Kay, “Do We Suffer from a Feminist Mystique?”
New York Times Book Review
, November 22, 1981, 3; Catherine Stimpson, “From Feminine to Feminist Mystique,”
Ms.
, December 1981, 16; and “The Second Stage,”
National Review
, February 5, 1982.

10
. Carol Hanisch, “Paying the Piper: Did I Blow My Life?”
Meeting Ground: A Project of the Women's Liberation Project
(July 1989), 1–2.

11
. Jane O'Reilly,
The Girl I Left Behind
(New York: Macmillan, 1980).

12
. Some prominent examples of feminist utopian novels include: Suzy McKee Charnas,
Motherlines
(New York: Berkeley Books, 1978); Ursula Le Guinn,
The Left Hand of Darkness
(New York: Ace, 1969); Marge Piercy,
Woman on the Edge of Time
(New York: Fawett Crest Books, 1976); Joanna Russ,
The Female Male
(New York: Bantam Books, 1975).

13
. See Lenore J. Weitzman,
The Marriage Contract, Lovers and the Law
(New York: The Free Press, 1981). For a critique of Weitzman's thesis, see Susan Faludi,
Backlash
, 19–25.

14
. Arlie Hochschild quoted in Alison Cowan, “Poll Finds Women's Gains Have Taken Personal Toll,”
New York Times
, August 21, 1989, 1. Also see Arlie Hochschild,
The Second Shift.

15
. Maureen Dowd, “Many Women in Polls Equate Values of Job and Family Life,”
New York Times
, December 4, 1983, 1.

16
. Linda Destafano and Dr. Diane Golasanto, “Most Americans Believe U.S. Men Have a Better Life,”
Los Angeles Times Syndicate
and Gallup Organization, February 5, 1990, B5.

17
. “Most Americans,” 14, 36.

18
. “Women Face the Nineties,”
Time
, December 4, 1989. All stories and data described in this issue come from this cover story.

19
. For other views on the gender gap, see Martha Burke and Heidi Hartmann, “Beyond the Gender Gap: A Recovery Program for the Women's Movement,”
Nation
, June 10, 1996, 18–21; “Women Made the Difference,”
San Francisco Chronicle
, November 7, 1996, A3; “Clinton Stresses the Concerns of Women,”
New York Times
, October 28, 1996, A1; Hanna Rosin, “Sister Sledgehammer,”
New Republic
, June 24, 1996, 6–49; Sidney Blumenthal, “A Doll's House,”
New Yorker
, August 19, 1996, 30–33; and Pamela Guthrie O'Brian, “Women Voters: Fed Up and Furious: LHJ and the League of Women Voters Poll,”
Ladies' Home Journal
, June 1996, 88ff. Also note how Bella Abzug regarded the
Gender Gap
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984).

20
. “Storm over Women's Rights,”
New York Times
, 1980, 20.

21
.
New York Times
, 1980, 20; “Not Just ‘Women's Issues,'”
New York Times
, October 25, 1984, editorial page.

22
. During the 1970s, the number of women elected to state and local government
doubled. See Martin Gruberg, “From Nowhere to Where?” Women in State and Local Politics,”
Social Science Journal
21 (January 1984): 5–11.

23
. The gender gap had already shown up in 1980. Women preferred Reagan to Carter by only 47 to 45 percent and men supported Reagan by a margin of 55 percent to 36 percent. Adam Clymer, “Women's Political Habits Show Sharp Change,”
New York Times
, June 30, 1982, A1.

24
. See, for example, Ruth Sidel,
On Her Own: Growing Up in the Shadow of the American Dream
(New York: Viking, 1990); Ruth Sidel,
Women and Children Last: The Plight of Poor Women in Affluent America
(New York: Viking, 1986); Mimi Abramovitz,
Regulating the Lives of Women: Social Welfare Policy from Colonial Times to the Present
(New York: South End Press, 1988); and Rochelle Lefkowitz and Ann Withorn, eds.,
For Crying Out Loud: Women and Poverty in the United States
(New York: The Pilgrim Press, 1986). “A Quiet Revolution: How Life in One Wisconsin City Has Changed Since the Beginning of the Women's Movement,”
Newsweek
, December 28, 1997, 29.

25
. Oct. 25, 1985,
New York Times
, in Around the World section, clipping, APA, n.d.

26
. Diana Russell and Nicole Van de Ven, eds.,
The Proceedings of the International Tribunal on Crimes Against Women
(East Palo Alto: Frog in the Well, 1984). There are a number of publications and videos of the tribunal that reveal the masterful organization that preceded the conference and the impact of women's testimonies on human rights activists. See the Center for Women's Global Leadership,
Demanding Accountability: The Global Campaign and Vienna Tribunal on Violation of Women's Human Right
, Charlotte Bunch and Niamh Reilly, eds., 1996.

27
. The Grameen Bank was founded by Muhamed Yunus. It began as an experimental project in 1976 and was turned into a formal financial institution in Bangladesh with seventy-five branches in 1983.

28
. Kim Murphy, “U.N. Conference Tried New Tack,”
San Francisco Examiner
, September 4, 1994, A5.

29
. Some of the reference works that have since appeared, for example, presume the existence of global women's movements. Some valuable sources, distributed by Gale in Detroit, include:
Chronology of Women Worldwide; International Who's Who of Women; Statistical Record of Women Worldwide; Women's Information Directory; Encyclopedia of Women's Associations Worldwide; Women's Rights on Trial
, all published between 1993 and 1995. One of the single best reference works that contains an accessible evaluation of the trends affecting women's lives worldwide is
The World's Women: The Trends and Statistics 1970–1990
(New York: The United Nations, 1991), which covers economic life, population, health, childbearing, education, leadership and decision-making, and political involvement. Also see Birgitte Sorensen,
Women and Post-Conflict Reconstruction
(Geneva: The War Town Societies Project, 1998). Also see Bibliography.

30
. Some of these debates took place, for example, at the Berkshire Conference on Women's History at the University of North Carolina in 1995 and at two
panels at the American Studies Association meetings in Washington, D.C., October 31–November 2, 1997. Women from nearly every continent discussed how their political culture had received or absorbed feminist ideas and how, in turn, feminist ideas were affecting their society and political culture.

31
. Matilda Joslyn Gage,
History of Woman Suffrage
, vol. 3 (New York: Fowler and Wells, 1881), 1.

32
. Robin Morgan,
Sisterhood Is Powerful
(New York: Bantam, 1970), xxv—xxvi.

33
. Abigail Scott Duniway,
Path Breaking: An Autobiography of the Equal Suffrage Movement in Pacific Coast States
(New York: Schocken Books, 1971. Reprinted from the James, Kerns
&
Abbott edition of 1914), 297.

34. Muriel Rukeyser, from “Kathe Kollwitz,”
The Speed of Darkness
(1968), xii.

1
. Gloria Feldt, “Ban Those Pots and Keep This Movement Moving,”
Women's eNews
, March 3, 2006,
http://www.womensenews.org
/.

2
. Also see Jean Hardisty's
Mobilizing Resentment: Conservative Resurgence From the John Birch Society to the Promise Keepers
(New York: Beacon, 2000) about right-wing women's groups. Other important works on right-wing women's groups include Elinor Burkett,
The Right Women
(New York: Scribner, 1998); Brenda Brasher's
Godly Women
(New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1998); Sylvia Bashevkin's
Women on the Defensive
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); Rebecca Klatch,
Women of the New Right
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987) and Tanya Melich,
The Republican War Against Women
(New York: Bantam, 1996).

3
. “Breaking the Silence: The Global Gag Rule's Impact on Unsafe Abortion,” The Center for Reproductive Rights, October 22, 2003,
http://www.crlp.org/pub_bo_ggr.html
(accessed June 18, 2004).