The World That Never Was (8 page)
Read The World That Never Was Online
Authors: Alex Butterworth
Tags: #History, #Europe, #General, #Revolutionary, #Modern, #19th Century
13 Oct:
St Petersburg soviet established
17 Oct:
Tsar Nicholas II signs October Manifesto drafted by Witte
Dec:
Moscow uprising suppressed
Britain:
5 Aug:
Aliens Act passed;
John Grafton
sails for Finland with arms for Russian revolutionaries
Other European:
Switzerland:
In Geneva, Lenin formulating theories of revolutionary warfare, with reference to the Commune
United States:
March:
Chaikovsky visits for fund-raising to buy guns for Russia
Other:
Date: 1906
France:
Bomb explodes in Bois de Vincennes; Kropotkin mistakenly blames agents provocateurs; groups of delinquent youths known as ‘Apaches’ roam Paris; Burtsev moves to Paris on a personal mission: to expose Azef; as minister of interior, Clemenceau deploys troops against strikers
Russia:
Murder of Gapon, intended murder of Rachkovsky
16 April:
Witte resigns; Stolypin becomes prime minister in
July
27 April:
First Duma opens; civilian courts martial introduced
Britain:
Okhrana agent Farce reports that Scotland Yard would appreciate chance to show their muscle
Other European:
Netherlands:
Amsterdam Anarchist Congress, disagreements over links between anarchism and syndicalism
Spain:
Teacher at Ferrer’s Escuela Moderna throws bomb at Alfonso XIII; Ferrer arrested, sentenced to death but later released
United States:
March:
Death of Most; Gorky visits US and, amidst sex scandal, alienates support for Bolsheviks
Other:
Date: 1907
France:
Burtsev gathers evidence against Azef as high-placed provocateur in Social Revolutionaries
Russia:
March:
Stolypin reform programme
Britain:
Publication of Conrad’s
The Secret Agent
Other European:
United States:
Other:
Date: 1908
France:
Dreyfus shot and wounded by Action Française member during transfer of Zola’s ashes to Panthéon; Reuss and Encausse meet as leading Gnostics and exchange honours
Oct:
Jury of Honour exonerates Burtsev; Azef guilty
Russia:
Britain:
Publication of Chesterton’s
The Man Who Was Thursday
Other European:
Switzerland:
Nov:
Kropotkin working on
The Great French Revolution
United States:
Other:
Date: 1909
France:
Jan:
Committee votes death sentence on Azef
June:
Exposure of Harting/ Landesen
Russia:
Britain:
Finally freed from prison, Fred Charles moves to Oxford to set up cooperative society
Other European:
Spain:
Francesco Ferrer, founder of the Escuela Moderna, is executed
United States:
Other:
Date: 1910
France:
Death of Rachkovsky; apparent disappearance of Harting
Russia:
Britain:
16 Dec:
Houndsditch affair; Vera Figner campaigns in Trafalgar Square
Other European:
United States:
Other:
Date: 1911
France:
Russia:
Sept:
Assassination of Prime Minister Stolypin
Britain:
3
Jan:
Sidney Street Siege; Conrad publishes
Under Western Eyes
, rejecting utopian belief that revolution can reveal pure human nature
Other European:
United States:
Other:
Date: 1912
France:
Russia:
Final split between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks
Britain:
May:
Malatesta arrested for libel and sentenced to deportation, but protests led by unions prevent; medical conferences at which Kropotkin speaks against eugenics
Other European:
United States:
Other:
Date: 1913
France:
Charles Péguy: ‘The world has changed less since Jesus Christ than it has in the last thirty years'; death of Rochefort at Aix-les-Bains
Russia:
Britain:
Other European:
United States:
Other:
Date: 1914
France:
31 July:
Jaurès assassinated
Russia:
Aug:
Germany declares war on Russia; invading Russian armies crushed in East Prussia
Britain:
Kropotkin and minority of anarchists support war against militarist Germany; Malatesta replies with
Anarchists have forgotten their principles
Other European:
Italy:
June:
Malatesta foments failed insurrection in Ancona
Bosnia-Herzegovina:
28 June:
Princip assassinates grand duke
Belgium:
Aug:
Fortresses around Liège hold up German advance for crucial fortnight
United States:
Other:
Date: 1915
France:
Russia:
Withdraws from Poland; tsar assumes personal command of armies
Britain:
Other European:
May:
Italy joins Entente and declares war on Austro-Hungary; Germany in 1916
United States:
Other:
Date: 1916
France:
Russia:
Bread shortages foment social unrest
Dec:
Murder of Rasputin
Britain:
Other European:
United States:
Other:
Date: 1917
France:
Closure of La Ruche; Bint, Paris Okhrana agent and later for Cheka, reveals to Savinkov that he paid Golovinsky for
Protocols
forgery
Russia:
Feb:
Bread shortage, demonstrations, violent confrontation and garrison mutiny in St Petersburg/Petrograd
March:
Provisional Government formed under chairmanship of Lvov; Tsar Nicholas agrees to abdicate; police department abolished
April:
Lenin arrives in Petrograd by train, having considered balloon; April Theses’
June:
Kropotkin returns
July:
Kerensky becomes prime minister;
Oct:
Armed seizure of power in Petrograd by Bolsheviks
Nov:
Bolshevik troops raid state bank, avoiding mistake of Communards; Russia and Central Powers agree armistice
Britain:
Other European:
United States:
6 April:
Declaration of war on Germany
Other:
Date: 1918
France:
Nov
. Armistice signed with Germany
Russia:
April:
Japanese land at Vladivostok
June:
British at Archangel
July:
Uprising by Savinkov in Iaroslav defeated amid civil war in countryside; Chaikovsky heads anti-Soviet Government of Northern Russia
July:
Murder of Nicholas II and family in Ekaterinburg
Sept:
beginning of Red Terror, with Bolshevik massacres of prisoners and hostages
Britain:
Other European:
United States:
Other:
Date: 1919
France:
Versailles Conference
Russia:
April:
Meeting between Kropotkin and Lenin in Moscow; civil war
Britain:
Other European:
Germany:
Jan:
Suppression of Spartacist uprising marks end of two-month-old German Revolution; Liebknecht murdered
Italy:
Dec:
Malatesta returns to adulatory welcome from 100,000 socialists
United States:
Other:
Date: 1920
France:
Russia:
Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman visit Kropotkin on their return to Russia; Kropotkin works on his
Ethics
(that will remain unfinished) in village of Dmitrov
Britain:
Other European:
Italy:
Autumn:
Soviets established across north of country during general strike
United States:
Other:
Date: 1921
France:
Russia:
8 Feb:
Death of Kropotkin
Britain:
Nester Webster publishes
World Revolution, The Plot Against Civilisation
Other European:
Italy:
July:
Malatesta on trial in Milan, defended by Merlino
United States:
Other:
Date: 1922
France:
Russia:
Britain:
Other European:
Italy:
Oct:
Mussolini’s march on Rome
United States:
Other:
Date: 1926
France:
Russia:
Lenin wrapped in Commune flag for his obsequies
Britain:
Other European:
United States:
Other:
Date: 1930
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