Theodore Roethke (31 page)

5
.   Roethke Papers, 36–97, October 1947; 34–49, 3 August 1944.

CHAPTER SIX

1
.   See Abrams,
The Mirror and the Lamp
, chapter 8.

2
.   Coleridge,
Biographia Literaria
, pp. 173–74, 177.

3
.   Emerson,
Selected Prose and Poetry
, p. 127.

4
.   Roethke Papers, 34–42, 1942.

5
.   Kenneth Burke,
Counter-Statement
(1931; reprint ed., Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968);
Permanence and Change
: An Anatomy of Purpose
(1935; reprint ed., New York: Library of the Liberal Arts, 1968);
Attitudes Toward History
(1937; reprint ed., Boston: Beacon Press, 1961).

6
.   Burke,
The Philosophy of Literary Form
, pp. 1,3, 12.

7
.   Abrams,
Mirror and the Lamp
, pp. 138–48.

8
.   Burke,
The Philosophy of Literary Form
, p. 26.

9
.   Ibid., p. 36.

10
.   Burke,
Permanence and Change
, p. 151, n. 1.

11
.   Roethke Papers, 34–36, 3 April 1943.

12
.   William Wordsworth,
Poetical Works
, ed. Thomas Hutchinson (London: Oxford University Press, 1936), p. 460.

13
.   Brown,
Life Against Death, p
. 86.

14
.   The
Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud
, ed. A. A. Brill (New York: Modern Library, 1938), pp. 492, 493, 497

15
.   Burke,
The Philosophy of Literary Form, p
. 258.

16
.   Lionel Trilling,
The Liberal Imagination
(Garden City: Doubleday, 1953), p. 61.

17
.   Quoted by Trilling,
The Liberal Imagination, p
. 44.

18
.   Freud,
The Basic Writings, p
. 722.

19
.   Quoted by Trilling,
The Liberal Imagination, p
. 53.

20
.   Burke,
The Philosophy of Literary Form, p
. 268.

21
.   Roethke Papers, 34–41, 8 January 1944; 35–65, 12 August 1945.

22
.   Burke,
The Philosophy of Literary Form, pp
. 269, 270.

23
.   Ibid., pp. 273, 278, 285.

24
.   Ibid., pp. 38–39.

25
.   Roethke Papers, 34–34, 2 February 1943.

26
.   Ibid., 34–46, 2 April 1943.

27
.   Ibid., 34–38, 25 December 1943.

28
.   Ibid., 34–39, 5 January 1944.

29
.   Ibid., 34–41, 8 January 1944.

30
.   Ibid., 34–45, 14 February 1944.

31
.   Ibid., 34–51, 1944.

32
.   Ibid., 34–52, 4 January 1945.

33
.   Ibid., 34–53, 19 January 1945.

34
.   Ibid., 35–54, 3 March 1945.

35
.   Ibid., 35–55, 4 March 1945.

36
.   Ibid., 35–56, 31 March 1945.

37
.   Ibid., 35–59, July 1945.

38
.   Ibid., 35–60, July 1945.

39
.   Ibid., 35–61, July 1945.

40
.   Ibid., 35–62, 25 July 1945.

41
.   Ibid., 35–63, 26 July 1945.

42
.   Ibid., 35–65, 12 August 1945.

43
.   Ibid., 35–66, 13 August 1945.

44
.   Ibid., 35–67, 20 November 1945.

45
.   Ibid., 35–68, 25 November 1945.

46
.   Ibid., 36–69, 1945.

47
.   Ibid., 36–70, 1945.

48
.   Sigmund Freud,
Beyond the Pleasure Principle
, trans. J. Strachey (London: Hogarth, 1950), p. 50.

49
.   Emerson,
Selected Prose and Poetry
, pp. 35–36.

CHAPTER SEVEN

1
.   Kenneth Burke, “The Vegetal Radicalism of Theodore Roethke,”
Sewanee Review
58 (Winter 1950): 52

2
.   Martz “A Greenhouse Eden” in
Theodore Roethke: Essays on the Poetry
, p. 27.

3
.   Roethke Papers, 35–59, July 1945.

4
.   Burke, “Vegetal Radicalism,” p. 70.

5
.   
American Mercury
56 (1943): 366.

6
.   Roethke Papers, 23–49, 1944.

7
.   Roethke Papers, 22–68. Roethke sent this poem to Katherine Stokes on 6 February 1944.

8
.   John D. Boyd, “Texture and Form in Theodore Roethke's Greenhouse Sequence,”
Modern Language Quarterly
32 (September 1972): 424.

9
.   Blessing,
Theodore Roethke's Dynamic Vision
, p. 70.

10
.   Quoted by Malkoff,
Theodore Roethke: An Introduction to the Poetry
, p. 49.

11
.   Sullivan,
Theodore Roethke: The Garden Master
, p. 27.

12
.   Roethke Papers, 34–32, 8 January 1944.

13
.   Malkoff,
Theodore Roethke: An Introduction to the Poetry
, p. 53.

14
.   Ibid.

15
.   La Belle,
The Echoing Wood
, p. 28.

16
.   Wordsworth,
Poetical Words
, p. 147.

17
.   Malkoff,
Theodore Roethke: An Introduction to the Poetry
, p. 53.

18
.   Blessing,
Theodore Roethke's Dynamic Vision
, p. 79.

19
.   La Belle,
The Echoing Wood
, pp. 29—30.

20
.   Emerson,
Selected Prose and Poetry
, pp. 38, 6.

CHAPTER EIGHT

1
.   Roethke Papers, 36–9, 7 October 1947.

2
.   Mircea Eliade,
Myth and Reality
(London: Allen and Unwin, 1964), p. 79.

3
.   
The Basic Writings of C. G. Jung
, ed. V. S. de Laszlo (New York: Modern Library, 1959), pp. 116, 284, 287.

4
.   T. S. Eliot,
Collected Poems
(London: Faber, 1963), p. 63.

5
.   Thomas Mann, “Freud and the Future,”
Life and Letters Today
15, no. 5 (Autumn 1936): 89.

6
.   Joseph Campbell,
Hero with a Thousand Faces
(New York: World Publishing Company, 1970), p. 246.

7
.   Ibid., p. 383.

8
.   Mircea Eliade,
Rites and Symbols of Initiation
(New York: Harper and Row, 1965), pp. 3,

9
.   Ibid., p. 9.

10
.   Roethke Papers, 34–50, 1944.

11
.   Mircea Eliade,
Myths, Rites, Symbols
, ed. W. C. Beane and W. G. Doty, 2 vols. (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 2: 409–10.

12
.   La Belle,
The Echoing Wood
, pp. 90–91.

13
.   Eliade,
Myth and Reality
, pp. 80, 81.

14
.   Ibid., pp. 85–86.

15
.   Eliot,
Collected Poems
, p. 79.

16
.   Emerson,
Selected Prose and Poetry
, p. 6.

17
.   Roethke Papers, 3–35, “Incoming Letters,” 3 October 1945.

18
.   Sullivan,
Theodore Roethke: The Garden Master
, p. 48.

19
.   Roethke Papers, 3–35, “Incoming Letters.”

20
.   W. K. Wimsatt,
The Verbal Icon
(University Press of Kentucky, 1954), p. 115.

21
.   Emerson,
Selected Prose and Poetry
, p. 5.

22
.   Roethke Papers, 34–36, 1943.

23
.   Emerson,
Selected Prose and Poetry
, p. 36.

24
.   Sullivan,
Theodore Roethke: The Garden Master
, p. 50.

25
.   Burke, “Vegetal Radicalism,” p. 95.

26
.   Martz, “A Greenhouse Eden” in
Theodore Roethke: Essays on the Poetry
, p. 35.

CHAPTER NINE

1
.   James Joyce,
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1958), p. 7.

2
.   Ralph J. Mills, Jr.,
Theodore Roethke
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1963), p. 18.

3
.   La Belle,
The Echoing Wood
, p. 56.

4
.   Malkoff,
Theodore Roethke: An Introduction to the Poetry
, pp. 80–81.

5
.   Roy Harvey Pearce, “The Power of Sympathy,” in
Theodore Roethke: Essays on the Poetry
, p. 183.

6
.   William Wordsworth,
The Prelude
(1805), ed. E. de Selincourt (London: Oxford University Press, 1960), chap. I, lines 344–50.

7
.   La Belle,
The Echoing Wood
, p. 46.

8
.   See Wimsatt,
The Verbal Icon
, esp. “The Structure of Romantic Nature Imagery.”

9
.   Malkoff,
Theodore Roethke
, p. 99.

10
.   Wordsworth,
The Prelude
(1805), chap. VI, lines 566–72.

11
.   Sullivan,
Theodore Roethke: The Garden Master
, p. 75.

12
.   Emerson,
Selected Prose and Poetry, p
. 130.

13
.   Harry Levin,
James Joyce
(London: Faber, 1960), p. 162.

CHAPTER TEN

1
.   William Blake,
Complete Writings
, ed. Geoffrey Keynes (London: Oxford University Press, 1966), p. 623.

2
.   Richard Ellmann,
Yeats: The Man and the Masks
(London: Faber, 1961), pp. 175–76.

3
.   Joseph Campbell,
The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology
(New York: Viking, 1969), p. 21.

4
.   Emerson,
Selected Prose and Poetry
, p. 140.

5
.   Mills, “In the Way of Becoming: Theodore Roethke's Last Poems,” in
Theodore Roethke: Essays on the Poetry
, p. 135.

CHAPTER ELEVEN

1
.   Robert Heilman, “Theodore Roethke: Personal Notes,”
Shenandoah
16 (October 1964): 62.

2
.   Roethke Papers, 72–20, “Teaching Notes.”

3
.   Ibid., 35–84, “Teaching Notes,” 6 April 1946.

4
.   Evelyn Underhill,
Mysticism
(London: Metheun, 1911), pp. 206–10.

5
.   See Emerson's essay on Plato,
Selected Prose and Poetry
, p. 187.

6
.   Roethke Papers, 34–36, 3 April 1943.

7
.   
The Confessions of Jacob Boehme
, ed. and trans. W. Scott Palmer (London: Metheun, 1920), pp. 27–28.

8
.   Malkoff,
Theodore Roethke: An Introduction to the Poetry
, pp. 102–3.

9
.   Roethke Papers, 72–26. Quoted by Roethke from C. G. Jung,
Contributions to Analytic Psychology
(London, 1928), p. 246.

10
.   Malkoff,
Theodore Roethke: An Introduction to the Poetry
, p. 114.

11
.   Sir John Davies,
Orchestra or a Poem of Dauncing
(1586) (Middlesex, England: The Stanton Press, 1922), p. 30.

12
.   Underhill,
Mysticism
, pp. 162–63.

13
.   Paul Tillich,
The Courage to Be
(London: Collins, 1952), p. 54. Malkoff and Sullivan consider Tillich's influence on Roethke at some length in their respective studies.

14
.   Blessing,
Theodore Roethke's Dynamic Vision
, p. 223.

15
.   Stevens,
Collected Poems
, p. 83.

16
.   Theodore Roethke, in
Poet's Choice
, ed. Paul Engle and Joseph Langland (New York: Dell, 1962), p. 99.

17
.   Martin Buber,
I and Thou
, trans. R. G. Smith (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1970), p. 78.

18
.   La Belle,
The Echoing Wood, p
. 121.

19
.   Underhill,
Mysticism
, p. 175.

20
.   Boehme, “The Threefold Ways of Man,” quoted by Underhill,
Mysticism, pp
. 171–72.

21
.   Tillich,
The Courage to Be, pp
. 141—42. Cited by Malkoff,
Theodore Roethke: An Introduction to the Poetry, p
. 131.

22
.   Roethke Papers, 36–88, 23 October 1946.

23
.   See Robert Graves,
The White Goddess
(London: Faber, 1946).

24
.   Tillich,
The Courage to Be, pp
. 55–56.

25
.   Stevens,
Collected Poems, p
. 405.

26
.   Blessing,
Theodore Roethke's Dynamic Vision, p
. 118.

27
.   Roethke Papers, 36–63, 26 July 1945.

28
.   Stevens,
Collected Poems
, p. 326.

CHAPTER TWELVE

1
.   Frederick J. Hoffman, “The Poetic Shape of Death,” in
Theodore Roethke: Essays on the Poetry
, p. 109.

2
.   Roethke Papers, 72–23, “Teaching Notes.”

3
.   Hoffman, “The Poetic Shape of Death,” in
Theodore Roethke: Essays on the Poetry
, p. 111,

4
.   Emerson,
Selected Prose and Poetry
, pp. 25–26.

5
.   Whitman,
The Complete Poetry and Prose
, pp. 242–43.

6
.   Mills, “In the Way of Becoming,” in
Theodore Roethke: Essays on the Poetry
, p. 120.

7
.   Hugh B. Staples, “The Rose in the Sea-Wind: A Reading of Theodore Roethke's ‘North American Sequence,'”
American Literature
36, no. 2 (May 1964): 192–93.