Three Scientific Revolutions: How They Transformed Our Conceptions of Reality (39 page)

and unified theory,
15
,
171
,
225
.

See also
E
=
mc
²

electrical torsion balance,
107
–
108

electricity,
84
,
86
,
93
,
94
,
109
,
131
,
145
–
46
,
159

early discoveries,
95
–
108

electrochemical battery,
131

relation between magnetism and electricity,
113
,
141
,
145

electrodynamics,
161
,
164
–
65
,
166
,
179

of moving bodies,
163
,
164
,
179

quantum electrodynamics (QED),
206
,
208
–
209
,
210
,
213

electrolysis,
131
–
32

electromagnetism,
13
,
112
–
14
,
145
–
47
,
159
–
60
,
164
–
65
,
171
,
180
,
205
,
206
,
207
,
224

Ampère's Rule,
146

electromagnetic force,
171
,
212
,
213
,
214
,
219

light as form of,
70
,
112
–
14
,
141
,
147
,
165
,
182

quantum electrodynamics (QED),
206
,
208
–
209
,
210
,
213

wave theory of,
70
,
113
,
114
,
147
,
159
,
165
,
185
,
194
.

See also
blackbody radiation; “electroweak” theory; magnetism; quantum mechanics

electrons,
13
,
178
–
79
,
187
,
190
–
91
,
198
,
210
,
224

in Bohr's solar model of the atom,
181
,
182
,
183
,
184
,
186
,
193
,
194
,
205
,
209

and cathode rays,
152
,
154
,
157
,
175

discovery of,
76
,
118
,
152
,
154
,
159

“plum pudding” model,
173
,
179

properties of,
162
,
175
–
76
,
179
,
180
,
207
–
208
,
210

“spin,”
204
–
206
,
207
,
209

vibrations/oscillations of,
179
–
80
,
184
,
185
,
226

wave theory of,
187
,
194
,
196
,
197
,
208

and X-rays,
164
,
174
,
175
,
182

“electroweak” theory,
213
,
214
,
219

elements,
133
,
154
,
157
,
162
,
174
,
188

Berzelius creating symbols for,
127

compound substances,
121
,
122
,
123
,
126
–
27
,
128
–
29
,
130
–
31
,
132
,
133
,
135
,
136
,
137

Dalton's work on creating a table of,
126
–
30
,
132

determining atomic weights of,
125
–
37
,
147

discovering new elements,
118
,
122
–
23
,
125
,
136
,
137
,
147
,
148
–
49
,
151
–
52
,
158

creating names and symbols for,
128
,
131

element of inflammability (phlogiston),
121
–
22

four elements of the physical world,
12
,
20
,
21
,
23
,
117
,
190

monatomic,
130
,
131
,
132
,
133
,
147

Petit Dulong law on monatomic elements,
132
–
33
,
134

polyatomic,
130
–
31
,
132
–
33
,
134
.

See also
isotopes; Periodic Law (Meyer); Periodic Table (Mendeleev); valences

Elements of Geometry
(Euclid),
28

elliptical orbit of planets.
See
celestial mechanics

Empedocles,
12
,
21
,
23
,
117

End of Physics: The Myth of a Unified Theory, The
(Lindley),
222

End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of the Scientific Age, The
(Horgan),
222
,
223

Engleman, David,
249

Enlightenment, Age of,
13
,
35
,
91

entropy,
160
,
161

Epicurus,
23
–
25
,
26
,
46
,
117
,
118
,
147
,
212

Epitome Astronomæ Copernicanæ
(Kepler),
69

EPR article,
201
,
203
,
215

Erasistratus,
30

Eratosthenes,
29
–
30

Essay Concerning Human Understanding, An
(Locke),
52
,
83

“Essay on a Manner of Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies, and the Proportions in which They Enter into These Compounds” (Avogadro),
130

Euclid,
28
,
32
,
43
,
70

Eudoxus of Cnidus,
20
,
29
,
35
,
36
,
43

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN),
208
,
211
,
213
,
214

European Space Agency,
217

evil and DNA,
250

evolution,
9
,
13
,
140
,
238
,
239
,
241
,
242
,
250
,
252

republican presidential candidates disbelief,
8

Evolution of Physics, The
(Einstein and Infeld),
114

“exclusion principle,”
209
,
210

existence, meaning of,
203
,
204
,
222

experiential phenomena,
220

experimental science,
107

F
=
ma
,
81
,
163
,
168
,
223
.

See also
motion, Newton on

Fabricius, Johann,
38

Faraday, Michael,
113
–
14
,
140
,
146
–
47
,
149

Federalist Papers, The
,
18

“Fermi-Dirac statistics,”
210

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) (FNB),
209
,
211

fermions,
13
,
210

Feynman, Richard,
208
,
209
,
211
,
214

field theory

gauge field theory,
213

Maxwell's field theory,
171

quantum field theory,
170
,
206
,
207

of strings,
213
.
See also
string theory

unified field theory,
15
,
225
,
227

Fine, Arthur,
222

Finnegans Wake
(Joyce),
212

Fizeau, Hippolyte Louis,
112
,
144
–
45
,
166

fluxions (differential calculus),
28
,
77
–
78
,
124

FNB.
See
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) (FNB)

Foucault, Jean Léon,
112
,
144

Fourcroy, Antoine François de,
122

Fox, Robin Lane,
17
,
25
,
26
–
27

Francis, Alban,
81
–
82

Franklin, Benjamin,
93
,
99
,
102
–
104
,
105
–
107
,
108
,
123

Franklin, Rosalind,
242
,
243

Fraunhofer, Joseph von,
148

free fall, law of,
36
,
42
,
43
,
59
,
60
,
64
,
77
,
170

Freeman, Charles,
222

Freese, Katherine,
224
–
25

French Academy of Sciences,
99
,
101
,
107
,
121
,
132
,
184