Thurgood Marshall (73 page)
Authors: Juan Williams
13
. Speech of Thurgood Marshall, June 30, 1954, Brown Collection, Yale Univ.
14
. William Coleman to Thurgood Marshall, Oct. 14, 1954, Brown Collection, Yale Univ.
15
. Richard Kluger interview with Anthony Lewis, Brown Collection, Yale Univ.
16
. Transcript of phone conversation between Carl Murphy and Thurgood Marshall, Nov. 29, 1954, Brown Collection, Yale Univ.
17
. Author’s interview with John A. Davis.
18
. Author’s interview with Mildred Byrd.
19
. Ken Gormley, “Justice Thurgood Marshall,”
ABA Journal
, June 1992, p. 66.
20
. Author’s interview with Claude Connor.
21
. “Buster Marshall,”
Baltimore Afro-American
, Feb. 26, 1955, p. 4.
22
. Jack Greenberg interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
23
. “Roy Wilkins Seen Succeeding …,”
Pittsburgh Courier
, Mar. 26, 1955, p. 4.
24
. Oral argument in
Brown v. Board of Education
(1955).
25
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
26
. Author’s interview with Robert Carter.
27
. Transcript of conversation between Thurgood Marshall and Carl Murphy, June 2, 1955, Brown Collection, Yale Univ.
28
.
Time
, June 13, 1955.
29
. “Junior Page,”
Baltimore Afro-American
magazine, July 9, 1955, p. 4.
30
. “The Tension of Change,”
Time
, Sept. 19, 1955, pp. 23–27.
31
. Samuel Hoskins, “Thurgood: Time’s Portrait,”
Baltimore Afro-American
, Sept. 24, 1955, p. 22.
32
. C. Tolson to L. B. Nichols, Oct. 19, 1955, FBI file 61–3176–1076.
33
.
New York Times
, Oct. 16, 1955;
Baltimore Afro-American
, Oct. 8, 1995.
34
. L. V Boardman to A. H. Belmont, Oct. 21, 1955, FBI file 61–3176–1076.
35
. Author’s interview with Gloster Current.
36
. Author’s interview with Cecelia Marshall.
37
. Author’s interview with Arnold DeMille.
38
. “Thurgood Loses Heart,”
Baltimore Afro-American
, Dec. 17, 1955, p. 1.
1
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
2
. As cited in
Eyes on the Prize
(New York: Penguin Books, 1987), p. 76.
3
. Bernard Taper, “A Reporter at Large,”
New Yorker
, Mar. 17, 1956, p. 88.
4
. Author’s interview with Harris Wofford.
5
. Author’s interview with Evelyn Cunningham.
6
. Mark Tushnet,
Making Civil Rights Law
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1994), p. 239.
7
. Oliver Allen, “Chief Counsel for Equality,”
Life
, June 13, 1955, p. 148; Taper, “Reporter at Large,” p. 84.
8
. “Thurgood, Junior?”
Baltimore Afro-American
, Mar. 3, 1956, p. 1.
9
. “Mrs. Marshall Is Expecting!”
Pittsburgh Courier
, Mar. 17, 1956, p. 6.
10
. Taylor Branch,
Parting the Waters
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), p. 190.
11
. Speech of Thurgood Marshall, June 26, 1956, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress.
12
. Author’s interview with Herbert Hill.
13
. David Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
(New York: William Morrow, 1986), p. 80.
Machiavellian Marshall
1
. J. E. Hoover to Dillon Anderson, Jan. 3, 1956, Eisenhower Library.
2
. “Probe of South’s FBI …,”
Baltimore Sun
, Sept. 26, 1955, p. 28.
3
. J. Edgar Hoover to Thurgood Marshall, Sept. 30, 1955, FBI file 61-3176-16.
4
. Thurgood Marshall to J. Edgar Hoover, Oct. 7, 1955, FBI file 61-3176-10568.
5
. J. Edgar Hoover to Thurgood Marshall, Oct. 13, 1955, FBI file 61-3176-1054.
6
. Thurgood Marshall to J. Edgar Hoover, Jan. 24, 1956, FBI file 61-3176-1202.
7
. L. B. Nichols to Tolson, Feb. 8, 1956, FBI file 62-86660-12.
8
. Rosen to Price, Feb. 9, 1956, FBI file 62-86660-11.
9
. L. B. Nichols to Tolson, June 15, 1956, FBI file 62-86660-16.
10
. Speech of Thurgood Marshall, June 26, 1956, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress.
11
. “The Thurgood Marshall Story,”
Pittsburgh Courier
, July 14, 1956, p. 13.
12
. Taper, “Reporter at Large,” p. 91.
13
. Samuel Hoskins, “NAACP Defies …,”
Baltimore Afro-American
, Aug. 4, 1956, p. 1.
14
. Jack Greenberg interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
15
. Author’s interview with Ed Dudley.
16
. Jack Greenberg interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
17
. Author’s interview with Gloria Branker.
18
. Henry Lee Moon interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
19
. Jamye Coleman Williams,
The Negro Speaks
(New York: Noble and Noble, 1970).
20
. “A Policy of Gradualism …,”
Newsweek
, Sept. 17, 1956, pp. 36–37.
The Second Civil War
1
. Juan Williams,
Eyes on the Prize
(New York: Penguin Books, 1987), pp. 97–101.
2
. Orval Faubus to President Eisenhower, Sept. 4, 1957, DDE Library.
3
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
4
. Wiley Branton interview at Moreland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard Univ.
5
. “U.S. Court Denies …,”
New York Times
, Sept. 8, 1957, p. 66.
6
. Ann Whitman Diary, Aug. 14, 1956, DDE Library.
7
. Ibid., Oct. 8, 1957.
8
. Thurgood Marshall to President Eisenhower, undated, DDE Library.
9
. Thurgood Marshall interview.
10
. Williams,
Eyes on the Prize
, pp. 105–6.
11
. Woodrow W. Mann to President Eisenhower, Sept. 23, 1957, DDE Library.
12
. Daisy Bates to Gloster Current, Sept. 23 and 24, 1957, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress.
13
. Woodrow W Mann to President Eisenhower, Sept. 24, 1957, DDE Library.
14
. “President Eisenhower …,”
Congressional Quarterly
, Sept. 27, 1957, p. 1146.
15
. Wiley Branton interview.
16
. “Senators, Governors …,”
Congressional Quarterly
, Sept. 27, 1957, p. 1147.
17
. “Mike Wallace Asks Thurgood Marshall … ”
New York Post
, Sept. 30, 1957.
18
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
19
.
Baltimore Afro-American
, June 28, 1958, p. 1.
20
. Claude Sitton, “Little Rock Case …,”
New York Times
, Aug. 5, 1958, p. 1.
21
.
New York Post
, Aug. 28, 1958.
22
. “New Arguments …,”
New York Times
, Aug. 29, 1958, p. 8.
23
. “Power of U.S. Court …,”
Pittsburgh Courier
, Sept. 20, 1958, p. 3.
24
. Mark Tushnet,
Making Civil Rights Law
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1994), p. 266.
25
. Judge Carter refused to comment on this episode despite several phone calls and a letter requesting his input.
26
. Jack Greenberg interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
27
. Author’s interview with Marietta Dochery.
28
. Michael Singer, “GOP Bars Negro …,”
New York Post
, Feb. 8, 1956.
29
.
New York Post
, May 15, 1958.
30
.
New York Post
, May 16, 1958.
Marshall and the Militants
1
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
2
.
New York Post, July
16, 1959.
3
. “Muhammud Hits …,”
New Jersey Herald News
, Dec. 5, 1959.
4
. Kenneth O’Reilly,
Black Americans: The FBI Files
(New York: Carroll, Graf, 1994), pp. 458–59.
5
. Memo from Office of the Director, May 11, 1959, FBI file 62-86660-23.
6
. SAC, NYC, May 21, 1959, FBI file 100-111437-14.
7
. SAC New York to Director, June 5, 1959, FBI files 100-111437 and 100-111437-16.
8
. Robert Williams,
Negroes with Guns
(Chicago: Third World Press, 1973), pp. 58–63.
9
. Louis Lautier, “Suspension Given OK,”
Baltimore Afro-American
, July 25, 1959, pp. 1–2.
Exit Time
1
. Murray Kempton, “The Diplomat,”
New York Post
, Jan. 26, 1960.
2
. Thurgood Marshall interview with Columbia Oral History Project.
3
.
Baltimore Sun
, Jan. 22, 1960.
4
. Robert Ruark, “Africa …,”
New York World-Telegram and Sun
, Feb. 3, 1960.
5
. “Tomorrow’s Too Late …,”
Baltimore Afro-American
, Jan. 30, 1960, p. 9.
6
. Derrick Bell, “An Epistolary …,”
Blackletter Journal
(Harvard Univ.), Spring 1989, p. 55.
7
. Robert Clark, “Behind the Sit-ins,”
Washington Star
, Apr. 21, 1960, p. A-5.
8
.
Baltimore Sun
, Mar. 30, 1960.
9
. “Patience No Virtue …,”
Baltimore Afro-American Magazine
, May 28, 1960, p. 4.
10
. Author’s interview with Donald Hollowell.
11
. Irwin Ross, “Thurgood Marshall,”
Baltimore Afro-American
, Aug. 27, 1960, p. 4.
12
. Carl Murphy, “Thurgood Marshall Next?”
Baltimore Afro-American
, Mar. 11, 1961, p. 4.
13
. William Coleman to Frank Reeves, May 5, 1961, JFK Library.
14
. Emanuel Celler to Robert Kennedy, May 24, 1961, Justice Dept.
15
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
16
. Jack Greenberg interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
17
. Ramsey Clark to Byron White, Aug. 4, 1961, Justice Dept.; author’s interview with Louis Martin.
18
. Jack Greenberg,
Crusaders in the Courts
(New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 295.
19
. Ibid., p. 294.
20
. Jack Greenberg interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
21
. Author’s interview with John Hope Franklin.
22
. Author’s interview with Robert Carter.
Black Robes
1
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
2
. “Judge Marshall Now,”
Baltimore Afro-American
, Nov. 4, 1961, p. 4.
3
. Felix Frankfurter to William Coleman, Jan. 2, 1962, Frankfurter Papers, Harvard Univ.
4
. William Coleman to Felix Frankfurter, Jan. 4, 1962, Frankfurter Papers, Harvard Univ.
5
. Author’s interview with J. Edward Lumbard.
6
. Author’s interview with Ralph Winter.
7
.
New York Post
, Apr. 5, 1962.
8
. Victor Navasky,
Kennedy Justice
(New York: Atheneum, 1971), p. 285.
9
. J. Edward Lumbard to Sen. James Eastland, Apr. 5, 1962, Justice Dept.
10
.
Baltimore Afro-American
, Apr. 30, 1962.
11
. Nomination of Thurgood Marshall, Senate hearing, May 1, 1962.
12
. Berl Bernhard interview with Thurgood Marshall, JFK Library.
13
. Nomination of Thurgood Marshall, Senate hearing, July 12, 1962.
14
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
15
. Jackie Robinson, “Birth Only Crime,”
Philadelphia Tribune
, 1962.
16
. “The Marshall Delay,”
New York Post
, Aug. 26, 1962.
17
. Nomination of Thurgood Marshall, Senate hearing, Aug. 17, 1962.
18
. Ibid., Aug. 20, 1962.
19
. Ibid., Aug. 24, 1962.
20
. “Senate Unit’s Decision …,”
Washington Star
, Aug. 30, 1962.
21
. Thurgood Marshall interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.
22
. “Senate Confirms …,”
Washington Star
, Sept. 12, 1962; Eric Sevareid, “Thurgood Marshall …,”
Washington Star
, Sept. 25, 1962.
23
. Malcolm X to Judge Thurgood Marshall, July 1962, Marshall Papers, Library of Congress.
24
. Gary Hengstler,
ABA Journal
, June 1992, p. 59.
25
. Ralph Winter, Second Circuit Judiciary Conference speech, Sept. 6, 1991.
26
. Author’s interview with James Freedman.
27
. Author’s interview with William Coleman.
28
. Author’s interview with Monroe Dowling.
29
. Author’s interview with Berl Bernhard.
30
.
Baltimore Sun
, May 16, 1964.
31
. George Dugan, “Marshall Quits …,”
New York Times
, Oct. 22, 1964, p. 23.
32
. “The Impact of the Constitution,” undated, Marshall Papers, LC.
33
. Walter Gellhorn interview with the Columbia Oral History Project.