Tidal Wave: How Women Changed America at Century's End (40 page)

⁵⁰
Renetia Martin in Evans, ed.,
Faithful Journeys.
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, forthcoming 2004).

⁵¹
See, for example, “Second Printing! The Black Woman in the Black Struggle,”
Black Scholar,
vol. 2, no. 3-4 (January-February 1970); Linda LaRue, “The Black Movement and Women’s Liberation,”
Black Scholar
vol. 1, no. 7 (May 1970): 36-42; “The Black Woman,”
Black Scholar,
vol. 3, no. 4 (December 1971); and Panther Women, “Panther Sisters on Women’s Liberation,”
The Movement
(September 1969).

⁵²
See Ruth Bordin,
Women and Temperance: The Quest for Power and Liberty, 1873-1900
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990).

⁵³
Eleanor Smeal, February 1978, quoted in
The Decade of Women: A Ms. History of the Seventies in Words and Pictures,
edited and produced by Suzanne Levine and Harriet Lyons (New York: Putnam, 1980), p. 188.

⁵⁴
Interview with Jan Schakowsky by Harry C. Boyte, Evanston, Illinois, April 30, 1977. Also quoted in
Personal Politics,
pp. 227-228.

⁵⁵
Jo Freeman,
The Politics’of Women’s Liberation
(New York: David McKay, 1975), p. 148; F. Cancian and B. Ross, “Mass Media and the Women’s Movement: 1900-1977,”
Journal of Applied Behavioral Science
17 (1981): 9-26; Myra Marx Ferree and Beth B. Hess,
Controversy and Coalition: The New Feminist Movement
(Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985), pp. 74-77.

⁵⁶
“Take her off the stage …” quote was leveled at Marilyn Webb, who spoke at an antiwar rally in January 1969 in Washington, D.C. While she retained some loyalty to the left and the antiwar movements, others at the rally defined the reaction to her speech as a turning point in their relationship with the left. See Alice Echols,
Daring to Be Bad,
pp. 117-120; Rosen,
The World Split Open,
p. 134; Susan Douglas,
Where the Girls Are: Growing up Female with the Mass Media
(New York: Random House, 1994), p. 164.

⁵⁷
“The New Feminists: Revolt Against Sexism,”
Time
(November 21, 1969): 56; “Woman-power,”
Time
(March 30): 1970, 59.

⁵⁸
New York Times
(August 12, 1970): 40. Both quoted in Davis,
Moving the Mountain,
p. 127.

⁵⁹
The Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature
first listed “women’s liberation” as a subtopic under “women” in volume 29, March 1969-February 1970, with three entries. The next year there were more than 75 entries under “women’s liberation.”

⁶⁰
Susan Brownmiller,
Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975), p. 27.

⁶¹
Personal communication from Ros Baxandall, Fall 2000; Ruth Rosen,
The World Split Open: How the Modern Women’s Movement Changed America
(New York: Viking, 2000), p. 160.

⁶²
Susan Suthein, “Radical Women Protest Ugly Pageant,”
National Guardian,
September 14, 1968; “No Miss America!” leaflet in Jo Freeman’s files; Beverly Grant to Pam Allen, personal letter, September 9, 1968, Pam Allen’s files; Maren Lockwood Carden,
The New Feminist Movement
(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1974), p. 32; and Echols,
Daring to Be Bad,
pp. 92-96.

⁶³
Sheila D. Collins, “Women and the Church: Poor Psychology, Worse Theology,”
Christian Century
(December 30, 1970): 1557-1559, quotes on 1557, 1559

⁶⁴
See Charlotte Bunch,
Passionate Politics: Feminist Theory in Action; Essays, 1968-1981
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989), p. 7.

⁶⁵
Life,
vol. 69, no. 10 (September 4, 1970): 16B.

⁶⁶
See coverage in
Time
(September 7, 1970): 12-13;
New Yorker,
vol. 46, no. 4 (September 5, 1970): 26-29;
Life,
vol. 69, no. 10 (September 4, 1970): 16B. See also Betty Friedan,
It Changed My Life
(New York: Random House, 1976), pp. 180-202.

⁶⁷
Sandie North, “Reporting the Movement,”
Atlantic
235 (March 1970): 106; Freeman,
The Politics of Women’s Liberation,
p. 150.

⁶⁸
Sophy Burnham, “Women’s Lib: The Idea You Can’t Ignore,”
Redbook,
vol. 135 (September 1970): 188, 191.

⁶⁹
“Bev Mitchell,” in Louise Rosenfield Noun, ed.,
More Strong-Minded Women: Iowa Feminists Tell Their Stories
(Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1992), pp. 75, 76.

⁷⁰
“Bev Mitchell,” in Noun, ed.,
More Strong-Minded Women,
pp. 77, 78, 82.

⁷¹
See Naomi Weisstein and Virginia Blaisdell, “Feminist Rock: No More Balls and Chains,”
Ms.,
vol. 1, no. 6 (December 1972): 25-27, quote on 26.

⁷²
Judy Chicago quoted in “Forum: What Is Female Imagery?”
Ms.,
vol. 3, no. 11 (May 1975): 34.

⁷³
Announcement is reproduced in Lucy R. Lippard, “Transformation Art,”
Ms.,
vol. 4, no. 4 (October 1975): 34.

⁷⁴
See, for example, Lise Vogel, “Women, Art, and Feminism” in Deborah Rosenfeldt, ed.,
Female Studies VII, Going strong: New Courses/New Programs
(Old Westbury, N.Y.: The Feminist Press, 1973), pp. 42-53; Pat Mainardi, “A Feminine Sensibility?”
Feminist Art Journal,
Vol. 1, No. 1 (April 1972): 4+; and Marjorie Kramer, “Some Thoughts on Feminist Art,”
Women and Art
(Winter 1971): 3. By the early seventies there were several new journals in this area including
Feminist Art Journal, Women and Art,
and
Womanspace Journal
.

⁷⁵
Nancy Anzara, “Aitists in Their Own Image,”
Ms.,
vol. 1, no. 7 (January 1973): 56; Lippard, “Transformation Art,” 33-38.

⁷⁶
Lippard, “Transformation Art,” 33.

⁷⁷
Wilson quoted in Lippard, “Transformation Art,” 36.

⁷⁸
For example, Day Piercy in the Chicago Women’s Liberation Union worked closely with NOW in founding Women Employed, a pioneering organization of clerical workers (flyers announcing meetings and convention on October 20, 1974 sponsored by Women Employed, NOW, and other organizations, Women Employed: Rights & Roses, Gender Collection, Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota); Sherrie Holmes, a socialist-feminist, founded a NOW chapter in Dayton and created a Task Force on Working Women to initiate Dayton Women Working, modeled on Women Employed. See Judith Sealander and Dorothy Smith, “The Rise and Fall of Feminist Organizations in the 1970s: Dayton as a Case Study,”
Feminist Studies
vol. 12, no. 2 (Summer 1986): 325.; and Judith Ezekiel, “Feminism in the Heartland: The Women’s Movement in Dayton, Ohio in the 1970s,” unpublished manuscript, 1999, pp. 182-183, 219-221 forthcoming Ohio State University Press, August 2002. New York Radical Feminists also experimented with organizing clerical workers in the late 1960s. Personal communication, Rosalyn Baxandall, Fall 2000.

⁷⁹
Hole and Levine,
Rebirth of Feminism,
pp. 136-157; Echols,
Daring to Be Bad,
chapter 4, “Varieties of Feminism” Susan Brownmiller,
In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution
(New York: Dial Press, 1999), pp. 59-68; Jo Freeman, “The Tyranny of Structurelessness,”
Berkeley Journal of Sociology,
vol. 17 (1972-1973): 151-164, reprinted in Baxandall and Gordon, eds., Dear Sisters, pp. 73-75.

⁸⁰
See Ellen Willis, “Up from Radicalism: A Feminist Journal,” US (October 1969): 5; also see Rosalind Pollack Petchesky,
Abortion and Woman’s Choice: The State, Sexuality and Reproductive Freedom,
(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990), p. 129; Hole and Levine,
Rebirth of Feminism,
pp. 296-299; and Diane Schulder and Florynce Kennedy,
Abortion Rap
(New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1971), pp. 3-4.

⁸¹
Gloria Steinem, “Introduction,” edited and produced by Suzanne Levine and Harriet Lyons with Joanne Edgar, Ellen Sweet, and Mary Thorn,
The Decade of Women: A Ms. History of the Seventies in Words and Pictures
(New York: Putnam, 1980), p. 9.

⁸²
“Shock troops” is Rosalind Petchesky’s term. See Petchesky,
Abortion and Woman’s Choice,
p. 127.

⁸³
Laura Kaplan,
The Story of Jane: The Legendary Underground Feminist Abortion Service
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1995), pp. 9, 12, 44-46, 102, 280; Petchesky,
Abortion and Woman’s Choice,
p. 128. These sources are somewhat confusing about the meaning of the number of abortions performed. It may be that the number 11,000 includes all abortions carried out at their underground clinic both before and after they began, in the fall of 1970, to perform the operations themselves.

⁸⁴
Sarah Weddington,
A Question of Choice
(New York: Putnam, 1992), chapters 3-7. See also David Garrow,
Liberty and Sexuality: The Right to Privacy and the Making of Roe v. Wade
(New York: Lisa Drew, 1994), chapters 7 and 8.

⁸⁵
Popkin, “Bread and Roses,” p. 175; author’s interview with Nancy Hawley, Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 7, 1973. See also Wendy Coppedge Sanford, “Working Together, Growing Together: a Brief History of the Boston Women’s Health Book Collective,”
Heresies,
vol. 2, no. 3 (1979): 83-92.

⁸⁶
Anita Shreve,
Women Together, Women Alone: The Legacy of the Consciousness-Raising Movement
(New York: Viking, 1989), pp. 83-86. Anne Koedt, “The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm,”
Notes from the First Year
(1968), reprinted in Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone, eds.,
Radical Feminism
(New York: Quadrangle Books, 1973), pp. 198-207.

⁸⁷
Meredith Tax, “Woman and Her Mind: The Story of Everyday Life,”
Notes from the Second Year
(1970): pp. 10-16.

⁸⁸
Susan Griffin, “Rape—The All-American Crime,”
Ramparts,
vol. 10, no. 3 (September 1971): 26, 35. This analysis was spelled out more fully in Brownmiller,
Against Our Will
.

⁸⁹
Susan Schecter,
Women and Male Violence: The Visions and Struggles of the Battered Women’s Movement
(Boston: South End Press, 1982), pp. 35-38.

⁹⁰
Schecter,
ibid.,
pp. 33, 58-65;
Women’s Advocates, Women’s Advocates: The Story of a Shelter
(St. Paul, MN: The Advocates, 1980). Author’s interview with Sharon Rice Vaughan, St. Paul, Minnesota, May 1, 1998. See also Susan Brownmiller,
In Our Time,
pp. 263-264.

⁹¹
Anne Koedt, “The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm.”

⁹²
Sidney Abbott and Barbara Love,
Sappho Was a Right-on Woman: A Liberated View of Lesbianism
(New York: Stein and Day, 1972), p. 135.

⁹³
Davis,
Moving the Mountain,
pp. 262-264. For Brown’s version see Rita Mae Brown, “Take a Lesbian to Lunch,” in Karla Jay and Allen Young, eds.,
Out of the Closets: Voices of Gay Liberation
(New York: New York University Press, 1972, 1992), pp. 185-195.

⁹⁴
Susan Brownmiller quotes Friedan as cautioning against the “lavender menace” whereas Brownmiller herself saw it only as a “lavender herring.” Friedan recalls fearing a lesbian takeover and only gradually coming to realize that “some of the best, most hard-working women in NOW were in fact lesbian.” Betty Friedan,
It Changed My Life: Writings on the Women’s Movement
(New York: Random House, 1976), p. 141. Certainly the movement grapevine associated the term “lavender menace” with Friedan, and the Lavender Menace zap action was intended to refer to her.

⁹⁵
Quoted in Abbott and Love,
Sappho Was,
p. 134.

⁹⁶
Radicalesbians, “The Woman-Identified Woman,” in Anne Koedt, Anita Rapone, and Ellen Levine, eds.,
Notes from the Third Year: Women’s Liberation
(New York: New York Radical Feminists, 1971), pp. 81-87; see also Echols,
Daring to Be Bad,
pp. 210-241; and Kate Millett,
Flying
(New York: Alfred Knopf, 1974), pp. 14-19.