Toussaint Louverture (46 page)

35.
Asprey p. 45.

36.
Asprey p. 45.

37.
Pluchon,
Un revolutionnaire noir, p.
347.

38.
Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture d'apres le general,
pp. 26—27.

39.
Pluchon,
Un revolutionnaire noir,
p. 350, 353.

40.
Saint-Remy, p. 120.

41.
Saint-Remy, p. 122.

42.
Lacroix, p. 261.

43.
Archives Nationales de France, Colonies F3 59, p. 169 (Vincent to Christophe, 15 Brumaire, year 10).

44.
Archives Nationales de France, Colonies F3 59, pp. 20511”.

45.
Archives Nationales de France, Colonies F3 59, p. 167 (Vincent to Moyse, 15 Brumaire, year 10).

46.
Archives Nationales de France, Colonies F3 59, p. 170 (Vincent to Pascal, 15 Brumaire, year 10).

47.
Archives Nationales de France, Colonies F3 59, p. 166 (Vincent to Toussaint, 15 Brumaire, year 10).

48.
Pelage-Marie Duboys, vol. 2, p. 229.

49.
Pelage-Marie Duboys, vol. 2, p. 223.

50.
Pelage-Marie Duboys, vol. 2, p. 227.

51.
Lacroix, p. 283.

52.
Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy: Roume to Forfait, 1 December 1801.

53.
Archives Nationales de France, Colonies F3 59 (Vincent to Leclerc, 29 Brumaire, year 10).

54.
Madiou, vol. 2, p. 172.

55.
Lacroix, p. 283.

56.
Pluchon,
Un revolutionnaire noir,
p. 462.

57.
Lacroix, p. 366.

58.
Pluchon,
Un revolutionnaire noir,
p. 481.

59.
Archives Nationales de France, Colonies F3 59, pp. 20511”.

60.
Madiou, vol. 2, p. 165.

61.
Schoelcher, p. 326.

62.
Madiou, vol. 2, pp. 209-10.

63.
Madiou, vol. 2, p. 213.

64.
Madiou, vol. 2, p. 213.

65.
Madiou, vol. 2, p. 213.

66.
Madiou, vol. 2, p. 213.

67.
Schoelcher, p. 329.

68.
Madiou, vol. 2, p. 214.

69.
Schoelcher, p. 331.

70.
Lacroix, p. 331.

71.
Lacroix, p. 332.

72.
Madiou, vol. 2, p. 266.

73.
Lacroix, p. 332.

74.
Madiou, vol. 2, p. 272.

75.
Metral, p. 259.

76.
Lacroix, p. 335.

77.
Auguste, p. 146.

78.
Pluchon,
Un revolutionnaire noir,
p. 487.

79.
Metral, p. 83.

80.
Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy.

81.
AN Colonies F3 59, p. 173.

82.
Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy.

83.
Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy.

84.
Auguste, p. 145.

85.
Auguste, p. 147.

86.
Metral, p. 265.

87.
Auguste, p. 153.

88.
Madiou, vol. 2, p. 304.

89.
Lacroix, p. 344.

90.
Roussier, p. 131.

91.
Pluchon, t/«
revolutionnaire noir,
p. 490.

92.
Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy; Mme de Michelet,
Histoire de monpere.

93.
Private collection of Gerard Barthelemy.

94.
Auguste, pp. 154-55.

95.
Pluchon,
Un revolutionnaire noir,
p. 494.

96.
Pluchon,
Un revolutionnaire noir,
p. 495.

97.
Cesaire, p. 307.

98.
Auguste, p. 161.

99.
Roussier, p. 168.

100.
Roussier, p. 166.

101.
Roussier, p. 161.

102.
Nemours,
Histoire de la captivite,
p. 31.

103.
Lacroix, p. 354.

104.
Lacroix, p. 354.

105.
Roussier, p. 256.

1.
Saint-Remy, p. 94.

2.
Roussier, p. 183.

3.
Saint-Remy, p. 95.

4.
Saint-Remy, p. 86.

5.
Roussier, pp. 259-260.

6.
Saint-Remy, pp. 88-89.

7.
Saint-Remy, p. 123.

8.
Saint-Remy, p. 123.

9.
Saint-Remy, p. 29.

10.
Saint-Remy, p. 29.

11.
Saint-Remy, p. 30.

12.
Saint-Remy, p. 34.

13.
Saint-Remy, p. 36.

14.
Saint-Remy, p. 38.

15.
Saint-Remy, p. 44.

16.
Saint-Remy, pp. 44-45.

17.
Saint-Remy, p. 48.

18.
Saint-Remy, p. 49.

19.
Saint-Remy, p. 67.

20.
Saint-Remy, p. 69.

21.
Saint-Remy, pp. 84-85.

22.
Saint-Remy, p. 94.

23.
Nemours,
Histoire de la captivite,
p. 241.

24.
Nemours,
Histoire de la captivite,
p. 241.

25.
Nemours,
Histoire de la captivite,
p. 246.

26.
Nemours,
Histoire de la captivite,
p. 242.

27.
Nemours,
Histoire de la captivite,
p. 242.

28.
Nemours,
Histoire de la captivite,
p. 247.

29.
Nemours,
Histoire de L· captivite,
p. 248.

30.
Nemours,
Histoire de L· captivite,
p. 249.

1.
Pluchon,
Un revolutionnaire noir,
p. 527.

2.
Saint-Remy, p. 86.

3.
Pluchon,
Un revolutionnaire noir,
p. 532.

4.
Roland Lambalot,
ToussaintLouvertureauFortdeJoux(TOntailier:
Office deTourisme, 1989), p. 19.

5.
Cesaire, p. 311.

6.
Cesaire, p. 322.

7.
Chazotte, p. 52.

1.
Phillips, p. 33.

2.
Pluchon,
Un revolutionnaire noir,
p. 59.

3.
Lacroix, p. 243.

4.
Pluchon,
Un revolutionnaire noir,
pp. 471—72.

5.
Lamartine, p. xxvii.

6.
Lamartine, p. 35.

7.
Phillips, p. 42.

8.
Phillips, p. 54.

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Copyright © 2007 by Madison Smartt Bell

All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto.

Vintage and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.

A portion of this book appeared, in slightly different form, in
The Journal of Haitian Studies,
vol. 11, no. 2, fall 2005.

The Library of Congress has cataloged the Pantheon edition as follows: Bell, Madison Smartt.

Toussaint Louverture: a biography / Madison Smartt Bell.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Toussaint Louverture, 1743?—1803. 2. Haiti—History—Revolution, 1791-1804—Biography. 3. Revolutionaries—Haiti—Biography 4. Generals—Haiti—Biography. I. Title.

F1923.T69B45 2007

972.94′3092—dc22

eISBN: 978-0-307-54819-1

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