Upon the Altar of the Nation (84 page)
Read Upon the Altar of the Nation Online
Authors: Harry S. Stout
7
Among the more important analyses of Confederate nationalism are Gallagher,
Confederate War,
63-111; Faust,
Creation of Confederate Nationalism;
Emory M. Thomas,
Confederate Nation;
Rable,
Confederate Republic;
McPherson,
For Cause and Comrades,
94-102, 170-76; and Mitchell, “Creation of Confederate Loyalties,” in Abzug and Maizlish,
New Perspectives on Race and Slavery in America.
Still useful is Potter’s “The Historian’s Use of Nationalism and Vice Versa,” in Potter,
The South and the Sectional Conflict,
34—83.
Among the more important analyses of Confederate nationalism are Gallagher,
Confederate War,
63-111; Faust,
Creation of Confederate Nationalism;
Emory M. Thomas,
Confederate Nation;
Rable,
Confederate Republic;
McPherson,
For Cause and Comrades,
94-102, 170-76; and Mitchell, “Creation of Confederate Loyalties,” in Abzug and Maizlish,
New Perspectives on Race and Slavery in America.
Still useful is Potter’s “The Historian’s Use of Nationalism and Vice Versa,” in Potter,
The South and the Sectional Conflict,
34—83.
10
A. W Bill to “Dear Friend,” August 8, 1862, Civil War Papers, Box 2, Folder 8, AAS.
A. W Bill to “Dear Friend,” August 8, 1862, Civil War Papers, Box 2, Folder 8, AAS.
12
Quoted in ibid., introduction by Allan Nevins, 1:29.
Quoted in ibid., introduction by Allan Nevins, 1:29.
13
Scandlin, Diaries, 1849-64, AAS.
Scandlin, Diaries, 1849-64, AAS.
15
A. W. Bill to a Friend, August 8, 1862, Civil War Papers, Box 2, Folder 8, AAS. For further descriptions of the effects of General Orders No. 5, see two articles by Sutherland: “Abraham Lincoln, John Pope, and the Origins of Total War,” 582, and “Introduction to War,” 120-37.
A. W. Bill to a Friend, August 8, 1862, Civil War Papers, Box 2, Folder 8, AAS. For further descriptions of the effects of General Orders No. 5, see two articles by Sutherland: “Abraham Lincoln, John Pope, and the Origins of Total War,” 582, and “Introduction to War,” 120-37.
16
See chapter 19.
See chapter 19.
17
Frederick A. Dickinson to George Dickinson, August 27, 1862, Civil War Papers, Box 1, Folder 7, AAS.
Frederick A. Dickinson to George Dickinson, August 27, 1862, Civil War Papers, Box 1, Folder 7, AAS.
19
Jeter, “Notes and Sermons,” Virginia Baptist Historical Society, Richmond.
Jeter, “Notes and Sermons,” Virginia Baptist Historical Society, Richmond.
20
MacDonell, “Sermon on Revelation 21:3-4,” June 8 and July 16, 1862. Manuscripts Collection, Georgia Historical Society.
MacDonell, “Sermon on Revelation 21:3-4,” June 8 and July 16, 1862. Manuscripts Collection, Georgia Historical Society.
23
Basler,
Collected
Works
of Abraham Lincoln,
5:419-25, 433-36. For a discussion of Lincoln’s “meditation” and its relationship to his “fatalism,” see Donald,
Lincoln,
370-71.
Basler,
Collected
Works
of Abraham Lincoln,
5:419-25, 433-36. For a discussion of Lincoln’s “meditation” and its relationship to his “fatalism,” see Donald,
Lincoln,
370-71.
24
Hodge, “The War,” 143.
Hodge, “The War,” 143.
29
Jeter, “Sermon on Psalm 126:3,” September 18, 1862, Virginia Baptist Historical Society, Richmond.
Jeter, “Sermon on Psalm 126:3,” September 18, 1862, Virginia Baptist Historical Society, Richmond.
30
Tupper’s sermon is reprinted in Holland, ed.,
Sermons in American History,
240-46. On parallel rhetorical themes in the American Revolution, see Stout,
New England Soul,
282-311.
Tupper’s sermon is reprinted in Holland, ed.,
Sermons in American History,
240-46. On parallel rhetorical themes in the American Revolution, see Stout,
New England Soul,
282-311.
31
For an example of comparable sentiments in the secular press, see
Richmond Daily Dispatch,
September 27, 1862.
16. ANTIETAM: “THE HORRORS OF A BATTLEFIELD”For an example of comparable sentiments in the secular press, see
Richmond Daily Dispatch,
September 27, 1862.
1
“Give Us Back Our Old Commander,” Union Imprint Song Sheet Collection, John Hay Library, Brown University.
“Give Us Back Our Old Commander,” Union Imprint Song Sheet Collection, John Hay Library, Brown University.
2
To be sure, General in Chief Halleck supported McClellan in this theory as both ran scared of Lee’s and Jackson’s cunning. On the lost orders and McClellan’s tardy response, see McPherson,
Crossroads of Freedom,
106-9.
To be sure, General in Chief Halleck supported McClellan in this theory as both ran scared of Lee’s and Jackson’s cunning. On the lost orders and McClellan’s tardy response, see McPherson,
Crossroads of Freedom,
106-9.
3
For outstanding analyses of the battle and significance of Antietam, see, in addition to McPherson’s
Crossroads of Freedom,
Sears,
Landscape Turned Red,
and Gallagher,
Antietam.
For outstanding analyses of the battle and significance of Antietam, see, in addition to McPherson’s
Crossroads of Freedom,
Sears,
Landscape Turned Red,
and Gallagher,
Antietam.
5
Charles Ward to Brother Sammy, September 17, 1862, Civil War Papers, Box 2, Folder 6, AAS.
Charles Ward to Brother Sammy, September 17, 1862, Civil War Papers, Box 2, Folder 6, AAS.
6
On McClellan’s timidity and inability to impose his will on demoralized officers, see Sears,
George
B.
McClellan,
318—23.
On McClellan’s timidity and inability to impose his will on demoralized officers, see Sears,
George
B.
McClellan,
318—23.
9
Franklin Bullard to Aunt, October 4, 1862, Civil War Papers, Box 2, Folder 8, AAS.
Franklin Bullard to Aunt, October 4, 1862, Civil War Papers, Box 2, Folder 8, AAS.
11
Bower, “Theology of the Battlefield,” 1019.
17. “BROKEN HEARTS CANNOT BE PHOTOGRAPHED”Bower, “Theology of the Battlefield,” 1019.
1
Photography was a relatively new and nonportable medium in the Civil War. The technology had evolved from the original daguerreotype photograph—remarkably detailed but quite expensive and image-reversed—to the more inexpensive and portable collodion technique that bonded photosensitive chemicals to glass and paper. Though cumbersome to employ, photography had reached the point where shots could be taken outdoors.
Photography was a relatively new and nonportable medium in the Civil War. The technology had evolved from the original daguerreotype photograph—remarkably detailed but quite expensive and image-reversed—to the more inexpensive and portable collodion technique that bonded photosensitive chemicals to glass and paper. Though cumbersome to employ, photography had reached the point where shots could be taken outdoors.
5
Quoted in Keith F. Davis, “A Terrible Distinctness,” in Sandweiss,
Photography in Nineteenth Century America,
170.
Quoted in Keith F. Davis, “A Terrible Distinctness,” in Sandweiss,
Photography in Nineteenth Century America,
170.
8
Gardner’s view of photography was more modern than Brady’s, seeing the image as a form of journalism and current news. Brady, on the other hand, retained a more traditional sense of photography as historical record. As such, Brady was content to arrive at battle scenes days or weeks later, while Gardner rushed to be immediately on the scene.
Gardner’s view of photography was more modern than Brady’s, seeing the image as a form of journalism and current news. Brady, on the other hand, retained a more traditional sense of photography as historical record. As such, Brady was content to arrive at battle scenes days or weeks later, while Gardner rushed to be immediately on the scene.
9
No equivalent to Brady or Gardner existed in the South. There simply were not the extra engravers and paper to allow for such a luxury. See William F. Thompson,
Image of War,
23, 91-93.
No equivalent to Brady or Gardner existed in the South. There simply were not the extra engravers and paper to allow for such a luxury. See William F. Thompson,
Image of War,
23, 91-93.
12
On the slow evolution of fine arts in the Civil War, see Holzer and Neely,
Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory,
introduction.
On the slow evolution of fine arts in the Civil War, see Holzer and Neely,
Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory,
introduction.
13
For a comprehensive overview of Homer and the Civil War, see Marc Simpson,
Winslow Homer.
On the avoidance of tragedy in his paintings, see Lloyd Goodrich,
Winslow Homer,
20.
For a comprehensive overview of Homer and the Civil War, see Marc Simpson,
Winslow Homer.
On the avoidance of tragedy in his paintings, see Lloyd Goodrich,
Winslow Homer,
20.
15
Henry Joslin to Mother, July 20, 1862, Civil War Papers, Box 1, Folder 8, AAS. Joslin would later die of disease in a Union hospital.
Henry Joslin to Mother, July 20, 1862, Civil War Papers, Box 1, Folder 8, AAS. Joslin would later die of disease in a Union hospital.
17
Christopher Kent Wilson, “Marks of Honor and Death,” 37, 38.
Christopher Kent Wilson, “Marks of Honor and Death,” 37, 38.
20
Ibid., 73. The firm of Kurz and Allison rivaled Currier & Ives as Civil War lithographers and chromolithographers and pursued exactly the same heroic themes.
Ibid., 73. The firm of Kurz and Allison rivaled Currier & Ives as Civil War lithographers and chromolithographers and pursued exactly the same heroic themes.
21
For other examples of bayonet charges in Currier & Ives lithographs (all at the American Antiquarian Society) see
The Battle of Gettysburg
(1863),
The Battle of Baton Rouge
(1862), and
The Battle of Malvern Hill
(1862). Of about 245,000 wounds treated by surgeons in Federal hospitals, fewer than 1,000 were from bayonets or sabers. But this statistic does not address the psychological impact that drawn bayonets continued to impose in the Civil War. See Nosworthy,
Bloody Crucible of Courage,
598.
18. “ALL WHO DIE FOR COUNTRY NOW, DIE ALSO FOR HUMANITY”For other examples of bayonet charges in Currier & Ives lithographs (all at the American Antiquarian Society) see
The Battle of Gettysburg
(1863),
The Battle of Baton Rouge
(1862), and
The Battle of Malvern Hill
(1862). Of about 245,000 wounds treated by surgeons in Federal hospitals, fewer than 1,000 were from bayonets or sabers. But this statistic does not address the psychological impact that drawn bayonets continued to impose in the Civil War. See Nosworthy,
Bloody Crucible of Courage,
598.
1
Quoted in Donald,
Lincoln,
364. Donald goes on to demonstrate how Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation was motivated at least in part to “undercut the congressional initiative for emancipation by acting first, ”365.
Quoted in Donald,
Lincoln,
364. Donald goes on to demonstrate how Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation was motivated at least in part to “undercut the congressional initiative for emancipation by acting first, ”365.
2
The literature on slavery and emancipation during the Civil War is immense. For primary sources, the best compilation is
Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation,
the ongoing series of edited documents from the National Archives, edited by Berlin, Fields, Miller, Reidy, and Rowland. Major secondary works include Franklin,
Emancipation Proclamation;
Litwack,
Been in the Storm So Long;
McPherson,
Struggle for Equality;
Klingaman,
Abraham Lincoln and the Road to Emancipation;
and, most recently, Guelzo,
Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation.
The literature on slavery and emancipation during the Civil War is immense. For primary sources, the best compilation is
Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation,
the ongoing series of edited documents from the National Archives, edited by Berlin, Fields, Miller, Reidy, and Rowland. Major secondary works include Franklin,
Emancipation Proclamation;
Litwack,
Been in the Storm So Long;
McPherson,
Struggle for Equality;
Klingaman,
Abraham Lincoln and the Road to Emancipation;
and, most recently, Guelzo,
Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation.
4
Lincoln’s technical objection to the Second Confiscation Act was over the issue of whether Congress had the right to legislate over states. In his view, only the commander in chief could exercise such powers under the war powers of the chief executive. But to see his prior interests in limited emancipation through, he held his tongue and signed the act.
Lincoln’s technical objection to the Second Confiscation Act was over the issue of whether Congress had the right to legislate over states. In his view, only the commander in chief could exercise such powers under the war powers of the chief executive. But to see his prior interests in limited emancipation through, he held his tongue and signed the act.
11
Richmond Daily Dispatch, September 30, 1862.
Richmond Daily Dispatch, September 30, 1862.
17
William Williams,
Of the Birth and Death of Nations,
19, 21, 31. The unnamed source may have been Lincoln’s war ethicist Francis Lieber.
William Williams,
Of the Birth and Death of Nations,
19, 21, 31. The unnamed source may have been Lincoln’s war ethicist Francis Lieber.
18
Dwinell,
Hope for Our Country,
16, 12-13. See also Joseph P. Thompson,
Christianity and Emancipation,
67: ”Emancipation is not abolition.... There are those whose opposition to slavery did not originate in a military necessity. For one, I am opposed to slavery because I am a Christian—a member of that anti-slavery society of which He who came to preach liberty to the captive is the founder and head.” The same point was made in Hodgman,
Nation’s Sin and Punishment
(New York, 1864), 206: ”We have, as a nation, done what was right, but not because it was right.... But nevertheless, since the act of Justice, and right and humanity has been passed, and there is an end of slavery, we will say that we are satisfied—that we are thankful!
Dwinell,
Hope for Our Country,
16, 12-13. See also Joseph P. Thompson,
Christianity and Emancipation,
67: ”Emancipation is not abolition.... There are those whose opposition to slavery did not originate in a military necessity. For one, I am opposed to slavery because I am a Christian—a member of that anti-slavery society of which He who came to preach liberty to the captive is the founder and head.” The same point was made in Hodgman,
Nation’s Sin and Punishment
(New York, 1864), 206: ”We have, as a nation, done what was right, but not because it was right.... But nevertheless, since the act of Justice, and right and humanity has been passed, and there is an end of slavery, we will say that we are satisfied—that we are thankful!
20
Hodge, “The War,” 152.
Hodge, “The War,” 152.
26
Henry Joslin to Mother, July 20, 1862, Civil War Papers, Box 1, Folder 8, AAS.
Henry Joslin to Mother, July 20, 1862, Civil War Papers, Box 1, Folder 8, AAS.
28
Berlin, “Destruction of Slavery,” 68.
Berlin, “Destruction of Slavery,” 68.
31
Spectator
(London), October 11, 1862. Among American historians, a similar argument may be found in Hofstadter’s classic
American Political Tradition,
132-33.
Spectator
(London), October 11, 1862. Among American historians, a similar argument may be found in Hofstadter’s classic
American Political Tradition,
132-33.
35
Marshall’s letter is reprinted in Berlin et al., Free at Last, 85.
Marshall’s letter is reprinted in Berlin et al., Free at Last, 85.
36
Banks,
Emancipated Labor in Louisiana,
8, 23. For similar sentiments, see Seebohm,
The Crisis of Emancipation in America,
30: “The middle passage out of slavery, here as elsewhere, is one of trial and suffering; but it is short in duration, and the negro emerges out of it with a fair capacity for freedom, and a fair chance of success as a free citizen.”
Banks,
Emancipated Labor in Louisiana,
8, 23. For similar sentiments, see Seebohm,
The Crisis of Emancipation in America,
30: “The middle passage out of slavery, here as elsewhere, is one of trial and suffering; but it is short in duration, and the negro emerges out of it with a fair capacity for freedom, and a fair chance of success as a free citizen.”
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