Virgin: The Untouched History (39 page)

On sex, gender, religion, and economics in the early modern era, see: Susan Cahn,
Industry of
Devotion: The Transformation of Women's Work in England, i5oo—i66o
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1987); Natalie Zemon Davis and Arlette Farge, eds.,
A History of
Women in the West,
vol. Ill,
Renaissance and Enlightenment Paradoxes
(Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1993); Philip Greven,
The Protestant Temperament:
Patterns of Child-Rearing, Religious Experience, and the Self in Early America
(New York: Knopf, 1977); R. Marie Griffith,
Born Again Bodies: Flesh and Spirit in American
Christianity
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004); Bridget Hill,
Women Alone:
Spinsters in England i66o-i85o
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001); Theodora Jankowski,
Pure Resistance: Queer Virginity in Early Modern English Drama
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000); Susan C. Karant-Nunn and Merry E. Weisner-Hanks,
Luther on Women: A Sourcebook
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003); Beth Kreitzer,
Reforming Mary: Changing Images of the Virgin Mary in Lutheran Sermons of
the Sixteenth Century
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004); Alister E. McGrath and Darren C. Marks, eds.,
The Blackwell Companion to Protestantism
(Maiden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2004); Donald K. McKim,
The Cambridge Companion to Martin Luther
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003); Peter Marshall,
Reformation England, 1480—1642
(London: Arnold, 2003); and Mark A. Noll,
America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to
Abraham Lincoln
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).

The long and contentious history of the exploration and settlement of the Americas is chronicled not only in the work of historians but also in writings by those who were on the ground at the time. Among the sources that informed the North American sections of this chapter are: Robert Beverley,
The History and Present State of Virginia
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1947); Gordon Brotherston,
Image of the New World: The American
Continent Portrayed in Native Texts
(London: Thames and Hudson, 1979); Cornelia Hughes
Dayton,
Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law and Society in Connecticut, 1639—IJ89
(Chapel
Hill: University of North Caronlina Press, 1995); David Flaherty, "Law and the Enforcement of Morals in Early America," in
Perspectives in American History,
vol. 5, Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn, eds. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971); Peter Charles Hoffer,
Law and People in Colonial America
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1992); Lyle Koehler,
A Search for Power: The "Weaker Sex" in Seventeenth-Century
New England
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1980); Annette Kolodny,
The Lay of the
Land: Metaphor as Experience and History in American Life and Letters
(Chapel Hill: University
of North Carolina Press, 1975); John Lawson,
A New voyage to Carolina, containing
the exact description and Natural History of that Country, together with the present state thereof
and a Journal of a Thousand Miles Travel 'd thro; several Nations of Indians, Giving a particular
Account of their Customs, Manners, etc.
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967); Merril D. Smith, ed.,
Sex and Sexuality in Early America
(New York: New York University Press, 1998); Thomas Morton,
New English Canaan
(New York: Arno Press, 1972); John Murrin, "Magistrates, Sinners and a Precarious Law" and "Liberty: Trial by Jury in Seventeenth-Century New England," in
Saints and Revolutionaries: Essays on
Early American History,
Hall, et al., eds. (New York: W W Norton, 1984); Kirkpatrick Sale,
The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy
(New York: Penguin,
1991); Roger Thompson,
Sex in Middlesex: Popular Mores in a Massachusetts County,
2649-2699
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1986); and Laurel Thatcher Ul-
rich,
Good Wives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England,
1650-175o
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1980).

11: The Erotic Virgin

Some individual pornographic sources for this chapter are listed by title within the chapter. The others are both legion and much too ephemeral to bother listing them here.

On pornography and sexually explicit writings, and specifically that of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, see: Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz,
Rereading Sex: Battles over Sexual
Knowledge and Suppression in Nineteenth-Century America
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf,
2002); Walter Kendrick,
The Secret Museum: Pornography in Modern Culture
(Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1996); Julie Peakman,
Mighty Lewd Books: The Development
of Pornography in Eighteenth-century England
(London: Palgravefylacmillan, 2003); Ronald
Pearsall,
The Worm in the Bud: The World of Victorian Sexuality
(New York: Penguin Books,
1983); Ellen Bayuk Rosenman,
Unauthoriied Pleasures: Accounts of Victorian Erotic Experience
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003); Lisa Z. Sigel,
Governing Pleasures: Pornography
and Social Change in England, 1815-1914
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002).

The history of English and American sexuality-related philanthropic and legislative reform, as well as historical attitudes concerning sexuality and gender generally, are detailed in:
Barret-Ducroq,
Love in the Time of Victoria: Sexuality and Desire Among Working-Class
Men and Women in Nineteenth-Century London,
John Howe, trans. (New York: Penguin,
1991); Lucy Bland,
Banishing the Beast: Sexuality and the Early Feminists
(New York: The
New Press, 1995); John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman,
Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality
in America
(New York: Harper & Row, 1988); Peter Gay,
Education of the Senses,
vol.
I,
The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1984);
Linda Hirshman and Jane Larson,
Hard Bargains: The Politics of Sex
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1998); Michael Mason,
The Making of Victorian Sexuality
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Michelle Oberman, "Turning Girls into Women: ReEvaluating Modern Statutory Rape Law,"
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
85 (1994): 15, 31—36; Roy Porter and Lesley A. Hall,
The Facts of Life: The Creation of Sexual
Knowledge in Britain, i65o-i95o
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995); Cynthia
Eagle Russett,
Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood
(Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1989); Christine Stansell,
City of Women: Sex and Class in New
York, IJ89-1860
(New York: Knopf, 1986); and Judith Walkowitz,
City of Dreadful Delight:
Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London
(London: Virago, 1992).

A selection of worthwhile works on the history and definition of childhood, as well as the roles of the family, the community, and the state in the lives of children, include: David Archard,
Children: Rights and Childhood
(London: Routledge, 1993); Phillippe Aries,
Centuries of
Childhood,
Robert Baldick, trans. (New York: Vintage, 1962); Marjorie Heins,
Not in Front
of the Children: "Indecency, " Censorship, and the Innocence of Youth
(New York: Hill and
Wang, 2001); Anne Higonnet,
Pictures of Innocence: The History and Crisis of Ideal Childhood
(London: Thames and Hudson, 1998); Linda A. Pollock,
Forgotten Children: Parent
Child Relations from i5oo to 1900
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); C. John Somerville,
The Rise and Fall of Childhood
(Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1982); and Lawrence
Stone,
The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, i5oo—i8oo
(Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin,
1977).

12: The Day Virginity Died?

On the rise of scientific gynecology and sexology, including various examples of the rise itself,
see: Bullough,
Science in the Bedroom: A History of Sex Research
(New York: Basic Books,
1994); Oliver Butterfield,
Sex Life in Marriage
(New York: Emerson Books, Inc., 1940); Alan Hunt, "The Great Masturbation Panic and the Discourses of Moral Regulation in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century Britain,"
Journal of the History of Sexuality
8/4 (1998): 575-615; Alfred Kinsey, Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin,
Sexual Behavior in the
Human Male
(Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 1948); Kinsey, et al.,
Sexual Behavior
in the Human Female
(Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 1953); Franziska Lamott, "Virginitat als Fetisch: Kulturelle Codierung und rechdiche Normierung der Jungfraulichkeit
um die Jarhrhundertwende,"
Tel Aviver Jahrbuch fiir Deutsche Geschichte
(1992): 153—70;
Ferdinand Lundberg and Marynia Farnham,
Modern Woman: The Lost Sex
(New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1947); Heidi Rimke and Alan Hunt, "From Sinners to Degenerates: The Medicalization of Morality in the Nineteenth Century,"
History of the
Human Sciences
15/1 (2002): 59-88; Robertson, "Signs, Marks, and Private Parts: Doctors, Legal Discourses, and Evidence of Rape in the United States, 1823-1930,"
Journal of the
History of Sexuality
8/3 (1998): 345-88; and Theodor van de Velde,
Ideal Marriage: Its
Physiology and Technique,
Stella Browne, trans. (New York: Random House, 1930).

The rise of the "new woman" resulted in a great deal of writing, both historical and otherwise. The following sources are specifically relevant to the sexual and sex-political sides of women's rights and female emancipation: Beth L. Bailey,
From Front Porch to Back Seat:
Courtship in Twentieth-Century America
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998); Joan Jacobs Brumberg,
The Body Project: An Intimate flistory of American Girls
(New York: Random House, 1997); and " 'Ruined' Girls: Changing Community Responses to Illegitimacy in Upstate New York, 1890-1920,"
Journal of Social History
18 (Winter 1984): 247-72; Dickinson, "Bicycling for Women from the Standpoint of the Gynecologist,"
American
Journal of Obstetrics
21 (1895): 25; Ellen Garvey, "Reframing the Bicycle: Advertising Supported Magazines and Scorching Women,"
American Quarterly
47/1 (March 1995): 66—101; Christina Simmons, "Women's Power in Sex Radical Challenges to Marriage in the Early-Twentieth-Century United States,"
Feminist Studies
29/1 (Spring 2003): 169—98; Penny Tinker, "Cause for Concern: Young Women and Leisure, 1930-1950,"
Women's
History Review
12/2 (2003): 233—59.

Three excellent discussions of the history of contraceptives are: Hera Cook,
The Long Sexual
Revolution: English Women, Sex, and Contraception 1800-19J5
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004); Lara V. Marks,
Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001); and Elizabeth Siegel Watkins,
On The Pill: A Social
History of Oral Contraceptives 1950-1970
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998).

The so-called sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s spawned its own supply of commentators and historians. The following works are useful, informative, and, most important, reliable: David Allyn,
Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution, an Unfettered History
(Boston: Little, Brown, 2000); Bullough and Bullough,
Sexual Attitudes: Myths and Realities
(Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1995); David Buss, et al., "International Preferences in Selecting Mates: A Study of 37 Cultures,"
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
21/i (March 1990): 5-47; D'Emilio and Freedman,
Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in
America',
Jane Gerhard,
Desiring Revolution: Second-Wave Feminism and the Rewriting of
American Sexual Thought, 1920-1982
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2001); Paula Kamen,
Her Way: Young Women Remake the Sexual Revolution
(New York: New York University Press, 2000); and Judith A. Levine,
Harmful to Minors: The Perils of Protecting Children
from Sex
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002).