Voices of Islam (173 page)

law, 205

Daily life.
See
Muslim daily life
Darajat al-Dadiqin
(Sulami), 184–86 David, 221 n.75

‘‘Day of Separation.’’
See
Judgment Day

Death, 179; ascent of the soul, 157–59, 170 n.8; autopsies, 152; burial,

preparing bodies for, 151–53, 163–

67; burial shrouds, 164, 166–67;

during childbirth, 108–9, 111 n.8,

155; ‘‘delirium of death,’’ 156–57,

169 n.2; in disasters, 176–78; four statements, 160; funeral prayer
(salat al-janaza),
167–68; graveyards, fear

of, 160–63; invocation of
Shahada,

124; murder, 153, 154–55, 169 n.1;

Muslims in the United States and, 169, 171 n.23; personal reflections, 173–78; Qur’an and Hadith on, 159, 177; respect for parents after,

102–3; suicide, 6, 154, 155 Death, Angel of, 157

Debt and loans, 208, 210–11 Deception in business transactions

(gharar),
211–12, 214, 219 nn.47,

49

Decision making prayer
(istikhara),

19–20

‘‘Delirium of death,’’ 156–57, 169 n.2

Dental hygiene, 10

Derkaoui, Abdeslam, 89

Din. See
Religion

Disasters, death in, 176–78 Disclosure in business transactions,

211–12

Discouraged
(makruh)
actions, 207 Dispute settlements,
shalish
(village

council), 45–46, 48

Divine duality.
See
Duality, principle of Divine grace, 177

Divine mercy
(al-Rahman),
30–31, 87 Divine unity.
See Tawhid

Divorce: impotence and, 85;
li‘an
divorce, 64; Purbadhala, Bangladesh, 42–43;
Shari‘a
law, 42, 70; Sunni Islamic law, 62; waiting period
(‘idda)
following, 63–64; while breastfeeding, 86

Dress, principles of, 10–15 Drink.
See
Alcohol drinking
Du‘a
for parents, 108

Duality, principle of, 60, 78–80, 92

Economic issues: banking practices, 202, 210–11, 219 n.43; charitable

giving, 24–25, 95–96; contracts, 24,

212–15; earnings, 22, 50, 70; financial responsibility to parents, 95–96; inheritance rules, 43, 48; interest, unlawful
(riba),
204–5, 209–11, 215;
mahr/mohr
(dowry),

226
Index

41, 48, 49, 65–66, 84; transactions

and contracts, 24, 211–15; women, right to financial support, 84–85;
Zakat
(Alms Tax of Islam), 24–25, 96, 200–201.
See also
Business

Education: under Nizari Ismaili Shi‘ism, 72–73; as source of power, 51; teachers of ethical conduct, 183–

87

Ego-self
(nafs),
183, 190.
See also
Soul Employer–employee relations, 24

Endowment
(waqf),
202 ‘‘Enemy of the Houshold of the

Prophet,’’ 68, 74 n.1 Environment, stewardship of, 30–31,

200–201

Equal rights, Bangladesh government initiatives, 36

Ethical comportment
(adab),
182, 185–86, 188, 195–96 n.14

Ethical conduct
(akhlaq):
business and investment, 202–3, 207–8;

contemporary considerations, 181; saint-exemplars as teachers, 183–87; spirit/soul and, 182–83; Sufism as, 182, 193; al-Sulami, teachings of,

187–94

Eve
(Hawa),
46–47, 48, 80, 88

Fahisha
(illicit sex), 59 Fairs.
See Austamis
Faisal, King, 199

Faith
(iman),
138

Fajr
prayer (morning prayer), 7, 8 Families: authority in
(saman adhikar),

48; dysfunctional, 78, 83–84; filial loyalty, 88–89; names and lineage, importance of, 85, 89; responsibility

to, 20–21, 202.
See also
Mothers; Parents

Family law.
See
Muslim Family Law Family names, importance of, 85, 89
Faqir
(practitioner of spiritual poverty),

188–93

Faqr
(spiritual poverty), 188–93 Farid al-Din ‘Attar, 131

Fasting, 18

Al-Fatiha
(‘‘The Opening’’), 7, 167–

68

Fatwa
(s) (decree; legal opinion): Bangladesh legal system, 45–46; in contemporary law, 215–16

Feast of Fast-Breaking
(‘Id al-Fitr),
15, 40

Feast of Sacrifice
(‘Id al-Adha),
15, 40 Fifth Pillar of Islam.
See Hajj

Filial loyalty, 88–89

Financial institutions, 40, 202.
See also

Banking practices

Financial issues.
See
Business; Economic issues

Fiqh
(jurisprudence), 204–9, 212–15 First Pillar of Islam.
See Shahada
‘‘Fist of Maryam,’’ 122

Five Pillars of Islam, 5

Foods: excesses of, 9; fasting, 18;
halal

(permitted), 16–17;
haram

(forbidden), 15–16, 17; sharing, 17 Forbidden
(haram)
actions.
See Haram
Forbidden marriages, 62–64

Fourth Pillar of Islam.
See Sawm

France, banning of head coverings, 12– 13, 14

Friday prayers
(al-Salat al-Jumu’a),
25 ‘‘Friends of God’’
(awliya’ Allah),

183–87

Fundamentalists, secular views of, 2–3 Funeral prayer
(salat al-janaza),
167–

68

Gambling, 17, 25, 207

Gathering of the Bodies
(hashr al- ajsad),
161

Gender roles: in Bangladesh, 35–37, 46–50, 52–53; dress, 10–15;

education of girls, 72–73; marital roles (
See
Marriage); treatment of children, 111 n.22; unequal access to mosques, 25.
See also
Men; Women

Generosity, 140–44.
See also
Charity Germany, head coverings, 14
Gharar
(deception in business

transactions), 211–12, 214, 219

nn.47, 49

Index
227

Ghazzali, Ahmad, 135

God: presence of, 144, 147 n.32; rights of, 94

God-consciousness, 1–5

Goodness
(al-ihsan),
97

Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, 40, 202 Graves: direction facing, 154; fear of

cemeteries, 160–63; visiting, of nonbelieving parents, 102

Guardianship
(wilaya),
62–63, 67 Guests, treatment of, 23

Guillaume-Barre Syndrome, 123–27

Hadith (Word of Muhammad), 145 n.2; on childrearing, 109; on death, 159; family law and, 57, 58;
maqbul
(accepted) and
mardud
(rejected), 203; narrators, 203; Pen
(qalam)
and Tablet
(lawhin),
80; as source of commercial law, 203; text of in
Zalal al-fuqara
(Sulami), 189

Hadith qudsi,
145 n.2

Hajj
(pilgrimage to Mecca), 27–28, 103

Hakim
(physician/philosopher), 125

Halal
(permitted) actions, 9, 16–17 Hanafi school of law: guardianship

(wilaya),
64, 65, 69; marriage

contract, 42, 49, 60–61

Hanbali school of law: guardianship
(wilaya),
64–65; marriage contract, 60–61

Hannah, 116

Haram
(forbidden) actions, 9; business practices, 207; food and drink, 15–

16, 17; unequal treatment of

children, 110

Hardship, removal of
(taysir),
198, 204

Hashr al-ajsad
(Gathering of the Bodies), 161

Hawa
(Eve), 46–47, 48, 80, 88

Head coverings: men, 10–11; women, 12–14

Health insurance, 132–33, 139

Hell, 158, 161, 170 n.13

Hereafter, 160, 170 nn.15–16

Hijab
(women’s head covering), 12–14

Hila
(‘‘legal fictions’’), 215 Hinduism: observance of
parda,
50;

Purusha
and
Prakriti
symbols, 79 Hindus, as marriage partners, 61 Home
(maskan; sakina),
as peaceful

refuge, 83 Homosexuality: Purbadhala,

Bangladesh, 41; Qur’an on, 58, 59

Hospitals, 130–33, 139

‘‘The Hour’’
(al-Sa‘a),
158–59, 178

Household chores, 86
Husnan
(kind speech), 94 Hygiene, obligations, 9–10

Hypocrisy
(nifaq),
138

Ibn ‘Abbas, Abdallah, 85, 86–87

Ibn ‘Ajiba, Ahmad, 182, 184

Ibn al-Jala’, 192

Ibn al-Musayyib, Sa‘id, 99

Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyya, 214, 215

Ibn Hayyan, Muqatil, 95, 96

Ibn Jurayj, 96, 98

Ibn Kathir: on motherhood, 108; parents, treatment of, 94, 95, 96, 97,

98

Ibn Qayyim, 110

Ibn Taymiyya, 200

Ibn ‘Uyaina, Sufyan, 108

‘Id al-Adha
(Feast of Sacrifice), 15, 40

‘Id al-Fitr
(Feast of Fast-Breaking), 15, 40

Idolatry
(shirk),
138, 146 n.18

Iftar
(meal), 18

Ihsanan
(kindness of speech), 94

Ijma‘
(consensus of jurists), 204, 206,

208

Ijtihad
(making the effort; independent reasoning), 1, 57, 217 n.19; in

commercial law, 204–6, 208, 209, 213; in contemporary society, 215–16, 218 n.28; in family law,

69

Illicit sex
(fahisha),
59

Illness: as blessing, 126; personal accounts, 123–27, 130–36 Imam(s): funeral prayer
(salat al-

janaza),
167–68; Ismaili Shi‘ism,

228
Index

71, 72–73, 74 n.2; as
shalish
leader, 45; Shiite, on
mut‘a,
68; women as forbidden, 48

Imami (Twelver) Shi‘ism: schools of law, 58; temporary marriage
(mut‘a),
61, 66–68

Impotence, 85

Incest, 58

Independent reasoning.
See Ijtihad
India, Muslim Family Law, 57 Inductive reasoning
(qiyas)
in

commercial law, 205, 211

Inheritance rules, 43, 48 Institutions.
See
Organizations/

institutions

Insurance companies, 132–33, 139

Intellect
(‘aql),
80 Intent/intention.
See Niyya

Interest, unlawful
(riba),
204–5, 209–

11, 215

Interrogation in the Grave, 158 Investments: ethics and, 202–3, 207–8.

See also
Business

Isa (Jesus), virgin conception of, 118, 119

Isha’
(evening prayer), 8

Islam: act of accepting, 5; emphasis on marriage, 90–91; Five Pillars, 5;

historical perspective, 26–27; meaning of, 1, 4; as system of order, 219 n.41; views of body, soul, and spirit, 128 n.1, 157, 159; as way of

life, 1, 32

Islam
(submission), 138, 188–89 Islami Bank Bangladesh, 202 Islamic banking, 202, 210–11, 219

n.43

Islamic Funeral Handbook,
171 n.23 Islamic law: financial maintenance

of families, 85; jurisprudence
(fiqh),

58, 204–9, 212–15; marriage

contract, 60–66, 81–82; polygyny

in, 69–70, 89–90; sources of law,

57, 203–9, 217 n.20.
See also Shari‘a

Islamic medicine: physician/ philosopher
(hakim),
125; views of body, soul, and spirit, 128 n.1

Islamic schools of law.
See
Legal schools; Muslim Family Law

Isma‘il, 74 n.2

Isma‘il ibn Nujayd, 191–92

Ismaili Shiites: monogamy, 71; Nizari Ismaili Shi‘ism, 72–73, 74 n.2; temporary marriage
(mut‘a),
66

Istihsan
(juridical preference), 204–5, 212–13

Istikhara
(decision making prayer), 19– 20

Istislah
(public welfare), 204, 205

Ithar
(generosity), 140, 142

Jacob, 137

Ja‘fari school of law, guardianship

(wilaya),
65

Ja‘far al-Sadiq (imam), 74 n.2

Jahiliyya
(‘‘Time of Ignorance’’).
See

Pre-Islamic period

Jalsas
(gatherings of singers), 40

Jawad
(generosity), 141

Jesus (Isa), virgin conception of, 118, 119

Jews, as marriage partners, 61

Jihad
(struggle; social justice): absolution from, 95, 103; Arabic root, 1, 217 n.19; in Muslim public life, 22–23

John the Baptist (Yahya), 98, 101,

117

Jordan: endowment
(waqf),
202; marriage contracts, 69

Joseph, 114

Jud
(generosity), 140, 141

Judgment Day, 158, 161, 163, 171

n.19, 178

Al-Junayd, Abu al-Qasim, 137, 182 Juridical preference
(istihsan),
204–5,

212–13

Jurisprudence
(fiqh):
contract law, 212–15; schools of Islamic law, 58; sources of law, 204–9

Jurists: consensus of for commercial law, 204–6; consultation among
(shura),
206; on divorce in a
mut‘a
marriage, 67; errors of, 216; as

Index
229

shalish
leaders, 45; sources of law, 57, 204–9;
Sunna
and, 57

Juyubihinna
(breasts), covering of, 13

Kamali, Mohammad Hashim, 200, 217 n.8

Karim (Aga Khan), 74 n.2 Khadija, 206

Khan, Muhammad Siddiq, 108

Khumurihinna
(veils), 13

Kin: filial loyalty, 88–89; marriage to, 63; responsibility to, 20.
See also
Families

Kindness.
See
Respect

Kitab al-Ri‘aya
(Muhasibi), 100

Law(s), Islamic.
See
Islamic law;
Shari‘a Layali
(nights), 117–18

Laylat al-Qadr
(Night of Power), 118 Lebanese Muslims, 70

Legal opinion
(fatwa):
Bangladesh legal system, 45–46; in contemporary law, 215–16