Voices of Islam (221 page)

Ibn Khaldun, 56, 57, 131

Ibn Khurdadhbih, 63

Ibn Malik (imam), 56, 127

Ibn al-Muqaffa‘, 124–25

Ibn al-Nadim, 122

Ibn Qutayba Abbasid, 158

Ibn Rushd (Averroe¨s), 126, 159 Ibn Sina, Abu ‘Ali (Avicenna):

autobiography, 131; on effects of pain, 170; Formulary, 171; on gravity, 162; influence of on medicine, 174, 175 n.25; on

medicine, 161, 164; as philosopher,

62, 125, 159

Ibn Zayla, 63

Ice, symbolism of, 112, 120 n.7

Iconoclasm, 5, 17 n.1, 18 n.21, 29–30,

32 n.3; influence on calligraphy, 33

Iconography.
See
Images

Idol worship: idolatrous polytheism, 32 n.1; prohibition of images and, 29
Ihya’ ‘ulum al-din
(al-Ghazali), 64–65,

65–66, 126

Ikhwan al-Safa’,
59–60, 62, 63, 64, 77 Illness.
See
Disease

Illumination, 39–46; background

ornamentation, 43–44; colors, 44–

46; connection with revelation, 36,

40, 43; functions of, 44, 46–47 n.4;

marginal ornamentation, 39–40, 41–

44;
Sura
headings, 39, 40, 41–42.

See also
Calligraphy

Images, 29–32; arabesques (
See
Arabesques); botanical motifs, 1, 11,

17 n.2, 43; geometric shapes, 1, 9,

10; ornamentation, 30; portraiture,

avoidance of, 23, 29; prohibition of,

5, 17 n.1, 18 n.21, 29–30, 32 n.3

Imaginative intuition (semantics), 21 Imam(s): Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad, 161;

Ibn Malik, 56, 127; use of
minbar,

53

Imru’l-Qays, 124

Incantations, 159

The Incoherence of the ‘‘Incoherence’’

(Ibn Rushd), 126

The Incoherence of the Philosophers
(al- Ghazali), 125–26

India: Hindustani music, 82–83; literature of, 125, 129; mausoleum

gardens, 102; Persian language, 127;

Qawwali
music, 75–76, 82.
See also

Hinduism Indonesian poetry, 133

Initiatic path (
al-tariqa
), 65 Interlacements, 12, 23

Iqbal, Muhammad, 126

Iran: Iranian music, 79–81; Kurdish music, 76–77; martial training (
zurkhaneh
), 75; Shiite Islam music, 74–75.
See also
Persian culture

Iraq, Kurdish music, 76–77 Isfahani, 71

Ishaq al-Mawsili, 63, 78, 85 n.12 Islahi, Amin Ahsan, 126

Index
183

Islam: contrasted with other religions, 40; forms of worship, 49; music

controversy, 59–62

Islam
(submission), 56; Arabic root, 105; water and, 111

Islamic art, 1–17; abstract nature of, 7, 12, 30; Arab-Islam connection, 19;

architecture, 6–7, 8–12, 13; calligra-

phy, 1, 3 n.2, 15–16; clothing, 14–

15; craft traditions, 12–13; Divine

Unity, 5–6, 13, 25; general charac-

teristics of, 1–3, 9–10; images (
See
Images); link to
Qur’an,
106; nomadic influence, 7–8; objectivity of, 6–7; ornamentation, 30; rug

making, 7–8; spiritual nature of, 3,

5–6, 12–13

Islamic gardens.
See
Gardens Islamic halls of prayer, 8–9

Islamic literature, 121–33; biographies, 130–31; commentaries, 125–27; fiction, 127–29; grammar books, 127; maqamat, 129–30; poetry,

132–33; Qur’an as, 122–23;

Qur’anic quotes and themes in, 127– 28; terminology, 121, 134 n.4;

translations, 124, 134 n.5 Islamic medicine.
See
Medicine and

healing

‘‘Islamic sciences,’’ 125 Islam, Syed Manzurul, 129 Ismail (
dede
), 81

Ismail Hakki.
See
Bursevi, Ismail Hakki Itri, 73

Jahjuka, Morocco, 83–84

Jalal
(majesty), 67

Jalal al-Din al-Mahalli, 125 Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti, 125

Jamal
(Beauty), 67.
See also
Beauty Jami, 77

Jami‘al-bayan ‘an ta ’wil ay al-Qur’an

(Tabari), 125

Al-Jawiziyya, Ibn Qayyim, 156 Jesus, images of, 31

Jewelry.
See
Gold, wearing of Jews, physicians, 159

Al-jihad al-akbar
(‘‘the greatest holy war’’), 55

Joshua, 115

Judaic art, 1

Jurists.
See also Ulama

Jurists, on music, 61

Ka‘ba, 9, 17 n.5, 89, 101, 109 n.18

Ka‘b, ibn Zuhayr, 124

Kalila wa Dimna
(Bidpai), 124

Kamal
(perfection), 40

Kamanja
(violin), 75, 78, 82 Kane, Cheikh Hamidou, 129
Kanz-ul-iman
(Khan), 126

Kar
(Pamuk), 129

Kashf al-asrar
(Ruzbihan Baqli), 131
Kashf al-mahjub
(‘Ali Hujwiri), 61 Kashifi, Husayn Wa’iz, 74 Kazakhstan, 90

Keys to the Qur’an
(Haeri), 126

Keys to the Unseen
(Fakhr al-Din al- Razi), 125

Khalid al-Azhari, 35

Khalwati Sufis, 81

Khamriyya
(wine poem), 77 Khan, Sir Sayyid Ahmad, 126 Khayyam, Omar, 126

Al-Khidr, 115–16, 129

Khusraw, Amir, 75, 82

Kiarostami, Abbas, 146

Al-Kindi, Ya‘qub, 62, 68, 78

Al-Kitab (Sibawayhi), 127

Kitab al-Aghani
(Abu al-Faraj), 131

Kitab al-aghani
(Isfahani), 71

Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir
(al-Farabi), 62

Knowledge: degrees of, 153–54; scientific, 174 n.1; without wisdom, 166–67

Kurdish culture: music, 76–77; poetry, 133

Kyrgyzstan, 90

Ladder.
See Minbar

Language: language, 24

Legal sources, 123

Leyli va Majnun
(Nizami), 125

184
Index

L’homme du livre
(Chra¨ıbi), 129

Life, water as symbolic of, 114, 120 n.6
The Lifting of the Veil
(‘Ali Hujwiri), 61 Lions, as guardian symbols, 89 Listening to music, 60–62, 64–66,

158.
See also
Auditory considerations; Music

Litanies of the 99 Divine Names, 35 Literature.
See
Islamic literature Liturgical and devotional music: call to

prayer (
adhan
), 72; Kurdish, 76–77; music in praise of Muhammad (
amdah nabawiyya
), 72–74;
Qawwalis
of India, 75–76; Shiite Islam, 74–75

Loin de Me´dine
(Djebar), 130 Lute (
‘ud
), 68, 78, 79, 82

Maalouf, Amin, 126

Ma‘arri, 126–27

Madrasa
(school of higher education), 160

Mafatih al-ghayb
(Fakhr al-Din al- Razi), 125

Maghrib: architecture, 10, 44; art

styles, 2; dress of, 27, 56

Mahfouz, Naguib, 127–28

Majesty (
jalal
), 67

Malay, literature of, 128, 130, 133

Malhun
(music), 83 Mamluk tombs (Cairo), 55 Al-Ma’mun (caliph), 124

Mandolin (
tanbur
), 68, 76, 82 ‘‘The Mantle Ode.’’
See Burda

(‘‘Cloak’’), poem of

Maqam
(melodic modes), 69–70, 77

Maqamat
(‘‘Assemblies’’), 129–30 Martial training (
zurkhaneh
), 75 Martyrs, tombs of, 54–55

Mary, 31, 47 nn.15–16, 52, 58 n.3

Masjid
(mosque): absence of images in, 5; architecture, 8, 10–12, 13;

meaning of, 50

Masnavi/Mathnawi
(Rumi), 80, 90,

123, 147

Mausoleums, 54–55; architecture, 8, 9;

gardens, 94, 102

Mawludiyya
(‘‘Birthday Song’’), 73

Mawsim al-hijra ila al-shamal
(Salih), 128

Mecca, 17 n.1.
See also
Ka‘ba

Meccan Revelations
(Muhyi-’d-Din Ibnal-‘Arabi), 31

Medicine and healing: body, state of, 168; constitution of the patient, 161–68; diagnosis, 169–70; disease,

162, 163, 168–69, 174 n.6;

knowledge as basis for, 153–54; Medicine of the Prophet, 154–59, 174; moral healing, 157, 171–74;

physician-philosopher (
hakim
), 159–

61; treatment methods, 156–59,

170–71

Medicine of the Prophet
(al-Jawziyya), 156

Melodic modes (
maqam
), 69–70, 77

Memoiren einer arabischen Prinzessin

(Ruete), 131

Men, clothing of, 14–15, 18 n.1527–

28, 56, 57

Menara Garden, 94, 103

Mercy: link with water, 111, 119–20

n.1.
See also
Al-Rahim; Al-Rahman Mevlevi Sufis (‘‘Whirling Dervishes),

68, 73–74, 81

Mihrab
(prayer niche), 16–17, 18 n.20,

51–53

Minbar
(pulpit), 53–54

Miniature paintings (Persian), 3 n.3, 31, 34, 37 n.3

Mir Taqi Mir, 133

Mishkat
(niche), 52

Mishkat al-Anwar
(al-Ghazali), 111 Modes, melodic (
mazam
), 69–70, 77

Mongols, invasion of Baghdad, 46, 48

n.19, 78

Monotheism, 40–41

Monuments, funerary, 55.
See also

Mausoleums Moors, music of, 83

Moral healing, 157, 171–74

Morocco: Menara Garden, 94, 103;

music of, 79, 83–84

Moses, 112, 115–16

Index
185

Mosque (
masjid
).
See Masjid

Mother-of-pearl, symbolism of, 13, 18

n.20, 52

‘‘Mother of the Book,’’ 45, 111, 112 Muezzin, call to prayer (
adhan
), 72 Muhammad: ascent to Heaven

(
mi‘raj
), 13; biographies of, 131;

clothing of, 56, 57; as Divine

Masterpiece, 34; on four rivers, 101;

on health, 168; on Imru’l-Qays, 124; on incantation, 159; incompatibility of art and worship, 50; instruction to chant Qur’an, 49; on
jihad
(strug- gle), 105; on knowledge, 154; on medicine, 157; medicine of the Prophet, 154–59;
minbar,
use of, 53; music in praise of (
amdah naba- wiyya
), 72–74; music, views of, 70– 71; on pen and tablet symbols, 42; as the Perfect Man (
al-insan al-kamil
), 73; on poetry, 150; poetry and, 123–

24; rejection of figurative art, 31, 32 n.2; revelatory inspiration of, 122– 23, 147; Solomon, allegory of, 117–

18; temperament of, 163–64; tomb of, 55; on tombs, 54; on turbans, 27–28; on
Umma,
57; as the Unlet- tered Prophet, 33, 36 n.2

Muhammad V, 102

Al-Muhit
(the ‘‘All-Embracing’’), 45

Muhit
(ocean), 45, 112

Muhyi-’d-Din Ibnal-‘Arabi, 31
Mu‘jam al-buldan
(Yaqut), 131
Mu‘jam al-udaba’
(Yaqut), 131
Mukhannathun
(effeminates), 68 Munif, Abdel Rahman, 129

Al-Munqidh min al-dalal
(al-Ghazali), 126

Music: controversy of, 59–62, 158; early philosophers on, 62–64; effects of, 63–64, 64–66; healing properties

of, 158; instruments, 67–68; melodic modes (
maqam
), 69–70, 77; rhythm (
usul
), 70; Sufi views of, 60–61, 64–66

Music genres: classical music, 71, 77– 83; liturgical and devotional music,

71, 72–77; popular music, 71–72,

83–84; types of, 71–72

Muslim Narratives and the Discourse of English
(Malak), 128

Mysticism: and music, 62, 73, 75–76,

80, 83; sacred art and, 36; spiritual

audition (
al-sama‘
), 64–66, 77.
See also
Sufism

Naat i-Sherif
(‘‘Noble Praise-Song’’), 73–74

Names: Divine Names, 35, 40; naming task of Adam, 143–44

Nasihat al-muluk
(al-Ghazali), 126 Nasir al-Din Tusi, 171–72

The Nasirian Ethics
(Nasir al-Din Tusi), 171–72

Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, 70, 160 Nature:
Qur’an
on, 154; relationships

with, 153, 155; sacred art as, 41

Nawba
(musical suite), 78, 79

Nay
(reed flute), 68, 71, 78, 81–82
The Niche of Lights
(al-Ghazali), 111 Nichomus, 60

Nine, symbolism of, 44, 68

Nizam al-Mulk, 126

Nizami, 125

Noah, 114–15

Nomadic people, 26 n.2; clothing of, 56; influence on Islamic art, 7–8, 21; role in conserving Arabic language, 20–21

Novels, 127–29

Nudity, 18 n.13

Numbers: forty, 115, 120 n.8; four,

44, 100–102; musical proportion,

63; nine, 44, 68; three, 44

Nuzhat al-khawatir
(al-Hayy), 131

Objectivity, of Islamic art, 6–7 Ocean (
muhit
), 45, 112

Old age, 157, 168 Olive trees, 47 n.9 Orchards.
See
Gardens

The Organization of the Qur’an

(Islahi), 126

Organs, bodily, 165

186
Index

Ornamentation, 43–44; illumination in the
Qur’an,
39–46, 47 n.6; in

Islamic art, 30; sun symbols, 43, 47

n.8; tree symbols, 41–42, 43, 47

nn.5–6, 9, 89

Page, Russell, 102

The Pages of Day and Night
(Adonis), 150

Pain, 166, 170

Palmette (
shujayra
), 41–42, 43, 47

nn.5–6, 9, 89

Pamuk, Orhan, 129

Pandore (
tanbur
), 68, 76, 82

Panjabi poetry, 133

Paradise (
janna
): concept of as basis for gardens, 95, 108 n.5; Gardens of

Paradise, symbolism of, 89, 105, 107

Paragraphs and Periods
(Ma‘arri), 126– 27

Pashto poetry, 133

Patient, constitution of, 161–68.
See also
Medicine and healing