Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests: Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis (1289 page)

   Polycythemia vera

   Protein malnutrition

   Severe CHF

   Some carcinomas

Decreased In

   Abnormalities of cobalamin transport or metabolism

   Bacterial overgrowth

   Crohn disease

   Dietary deficiency (e.g., in vegetarians)

   Diphyllobothrium (fish tapeworm) infestation

   Gastric or small intestine surgery

   Hypochlorhydria

   Inflammatory bowel disease

   Intestinal malabsorption

   Intrinsic factor deficiency