Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests: Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis (675 page)

   Bone diseases (metastatic carcinoma of the bone, myeloma, Paget disease)

   Renal disease (renal rickets due to vitamin D–resistant rickets associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism)

   Liver disease (e.g., infectious mononucleosis, uncomplicated extrahepatic biliary obstruction, liver abscess)

   Miscellaneous (extrahepatic sepsis, ulcerative colitis, pancreatitis, phenytoin, and alcohol use)

   Bone origin—increased deposition of calcium

   Hyperparathyroidism

   Paget disease (osteitis deformans) (highest reported values 10–20 times normal). Marked elevation in the absence of liver disease is most suggestive of Paget disease of bone or metastatic carcinoma from the prostate.

   Increase in cases of metastases to bone is marked only in prostate carcinoma.

   Osteoblastic bone tumors (osteogenic sarcoma, metastatic carcinoma).

   Osteogenesis imperfecta (due to healing fractures).

   Familial osteoectasia.

   Osteomalacia, rickets.

   Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia.