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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In writing this book, I received generous help and support from many, many people. I could not have written the book without the support of Stanford University's School of Humanities and Sciences and Hoover Institution or the encouragement, patience, and good cheer of my wife, Kathy St. John.

Daron Acemoglu, David Berkey, Laura Betzig, Mat Burrows, Eric Chinski, Daniel Crewe, Banning Garrett, Azar Gat, Deborah Gordon, Steve Haber, David Holloway, Parag Khanna, Phil Kleinheinz, Steve LeBlanc, Ramez Naam, Josh Ober, Steve Pinker, Jim Robinson, Walter Scheidel, Kathy St. John, Peter Turchin, Richard Wrangham, and Amy Zegart read and commented on the book as I was writing it. I thank them again for their advice and support and apologize for the places where I was too stubborn to take it or too obtuse to understand it.

Peter Abigail, Daron Acemoglu, David Armitage, Al Bergesen, Mat Burrows, Banning Garrett, Elhanan Helpman, Mike McCormick, Dick O'Neill, Jim Robinson, Peter Turchin, and Norman Vasu invited me to highly informative meetings and conferences, and Karl Eikenberry included me on trips to the National Training Center at Fort Irwin, California, and Nellis and Creech Air Force Bases in Nevada. I thank all of them, as well as Viet Luong, Mark Pye, and the personnel at Fort Irwin, Nellis, and Creech for making the visits so valuable.

Laura Betzig, George Cowgill, Azar Gat, Steve Haber, David Laitin, Peter Turchin, and Richard Wrangham allowed me to read unpublished work, and, in addition to all the above, Jost Crouwel, Jared Diamond, Niall Ferguson, Victor Hanson, Bob Horn, Paul Kennedy, Karla Kierkegaard, Adrienne Mayor, Josh Ober, Richard Saller, Larry Smith, Mike Smith, Hew Strachan, Barry Strauss, Rob Tempio, and Barry Weingast allowed me to engage them in long conversations, more or less related to the book, that I found fascinating.

Finally, this book would never have seen the light of day without the encouragement of my agents, Sandy Dijkstra and Arabella Stein, or my editors, Eric Chinski at Farrar, Straus and Giroux and Daniel Crewe at Profile. They and their teams have been wonderful to work with in every way.

INDEX

Page numbers in
italics
refer to illustrations.

Aachen (Germany),
137

Abbas, Shah of Persia,
184

Abbasid caliphate,
131

Abigail, General Peter,
360

Acemoglu, Daron,
232

acquisition, commonwealth by,
16
,
40
,
71

Adams, John,
208

Adams, John Quincy,
358

Adams, Colonel Thomas,
373
,
382

Aden (Yemen),
193

Adrianople,
130

Adwa, Battle of,
221

Aedui tribe,
78
–
80

Afghanistan,
119
,
121
,
167
,
182
,
183
,
224
,
346
,
349
; British in,
346
; Soviet occupation of,
286
,
347
,
370
; U.S.-led invasion and occupation of,
14
,
112
,
118
,
350
,
352
,
353
,
362
,
370
–
72

Afrikaners,
219

Agincourt, Battle of,
162
–
63
,
170
,
171
,
187

agrarian empires,
118
,
121
,
132
,
142
,
162

Agricola,
35
,
53
,
54
,
112
,
118
,
122
,
187
; at Graupian Mountain,
29
,
32
,
111
,
113
,
293
,
393

agriculture,
see
farming

Agrippa, Menenius,
383
–
84

Ahmad, Muhammad (Mad Mahdi),
348
–
49

AIDS,
334

Akins, Zoë,
397
n

Akkadian Empire,
90
–
91
,
94
,
133

Aksum,
152
–
53

al-Qaeda,
119
,
348
–
50

Alaska,
156
,
159

Aleppo, Battle of,
97

Alexander the Great,
51
,
103
,
107
,
108
,
120

Alexandria,
42

Algeria,
346
,
349

Ali, Muhammad,
89
n

Alken Enge (Denmark),
36

All-India Famine,
226

Allobroges tribe,
79

Álvares Cabral, Pedro,
192

Amazonia,
82

Amazons,
122

American Anthropological Association, Executive Committee of,
57

American Museum of Natural History,
54

American Revolution,
208
–
13
,
219

Amin, Idi,
23

Amritsar (India),
225

Amsterdam,
191
,
197

anarchists,
348

Anatolia,
172

Andes,
67
,
75
,
195

Andropov, Yuri,
4
,
5
,
9
–
10
,
286

Angell, Norman,
235
–
36
,
338
–
39

Anglo-Saxons,
135

Antarctica,
127

Antietam, Battle of,
221

Antioch,
42

Arabs,
131
,
136
,
177
,
193
,
257
; murdered by al-Qaeda,
349
; in wars with Israel,
284
,
285

Arab Spring,
350
,
352

Arctic Small Tool Tradition,
156

Ardipithecus,
294
,
303
,
306

Argentina,
162
,
224
,
232

aristocrats,
36
,
44
,
105
,
126
,
189
,
207
; Aeduan,
79
; Assyrian,
102
,
103
,
134
–
35
; Aztec,
160
; British,
191
; Egyptian,
87
; Helvetian,
80
; of Holy Roman Empire,
147
; Parthian,
68
; Roman,
24
,
38
–
39
; tribal, in Gaul,
80

Arizona,
83
,
161

Armenia,
267
,
330

armor,
94
–
95
,
99
,
105
,
173
,
182
,
319
; bronze,
82
,
89
,
142
,
176
,
336
; for cavalry,
122
,
125
–
26
; for elephants,
111
,
120
,
199
; of future, high-tech,
375
,
377
; Ghurid,
144
; Greek,
64
–
66
,
65
; guns and,
174
; Mesoamerican cotton,
159
–
60
,
193
; Roman,
29
,
31
,
114

arquebuses,
172

Arthashastra
(Kautilya),
70
–
71
,
106
,
107

artillery,
171
,
173
,
177
,
183
,
200
,
283
; in Boer War,
351
; field,
187
; during French Revolution,
212
; siege,
176
; in World War I,
248
–
50
,
252
,
273
,
374
; in World War II,
265
,
270
; see also
cannons

Arverni tribe,
79

Aryans,
92

Ascension Island,
228

Ashoka, Mauryan king,
71
,
72
,
93
,
108
,
376

Assault Breaker,
286
,
326

assimilation,
150
–
54
,
161

Association of World Citizens,
5
n

Assyrian Empire,
101
–
104
,
107
,
109
,
116
–
18
,
134
,
207

asymmetric wars,
117
–
19

Atahuallpa, King of Incas,
193

Athens,
48
,
50
–
51
,
118

atomic bombs,
7
,
274
,
391
;
see also
nuclear weapons

Attalus III, King of Pergamum,
51
–
52

Attila the Hun,
143
,
376

attrition, wars of,
157
,
250
,
251
,
254
,
328

Augustus,
39
,
43
–
46
,
113
–
14

Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor,
198
,
230

Auschwitz concentration camp,
13

Australia,
219
,
228
,
232
,
258
,
260
; Aboriginals of,
316
; wealth in,
335

Australian Strategic Policy Institute,
360

Australopithecus
,
306
;
afarensis,
308

Austria,
98
,
212
,
244
,
329
; National Library of,
74
; in World War I,
236
,
245
,
252
,
253

Awatovi, sack of,
83
–
84

Azerbaijan,
330
,
346

Azores,
178

Aztecs,
156
,
157
,
160
–
61
,
193
,
195

Babur, Prince Zahir al-Din Muhammad,
182

Babylon,
97

Baghdad,
132
,
144

Balaclava, Battle of,
183

Balkans,
99
,
112
,
172
,
245

Baltic States,
251
,
261

bandits,
35
,
44
,
47
,
99
,
129
,
134
,
168
; in China,
69
,
128
,
140
–
42
,
184
–
85
; in Greece,
47
; in India,
229
; in Roman Empire,
39
,
41
; small bands of,
99
;
see also
stationary bandits

banks,
190
–
91
,
239
,
259
,
326
,
342
–
43
;
see also
World Bank

barbarians,
34
,
37
,
49
,
100
,
125
,
126
,
143
;
see also
Germanic tribes; Goths; Huns; Mongols

Bath, Earl of,
207

Bantu,
154

battering rams,
143

Beautiful Mind, A
(book and film),
325

Beijing,
182
,
184
,
197
,
218

Belarus,
251
,
330
,
344

Belgium,
227
,
245
,
267
; European Union bureaucrats in,
341
–
42

Benedictine monks,
146

Bengal,
197
,
200
; famine in,
226

Bering Strait,
159

Berlin crisis,
280
–
81
,
391

Berlin Wall,
330
,
345
,
391

Better Angels of Our Nature, The
(Pinker),
15
,
18
–
19
,
319

Bhita (India),
73

Bible,
16
,
97
; Romans,
395
n

Biddle, Stephen,
252

Biden, Joe,
340

bin Laden, Osama,
117
,
348
–
50

biomes,
158
–
59
,
161

Bismarck, Otto von,
243
–
46

Blackbeard,
201
–
202

Black Death,
170
,
196
,
220

Black Sabbath,
20

Blank Slate, The
(Pinker),
18

blitzkriegs,
265
,
268
,
270
,
283
,
354

Blombos Cave (South Africa),
313

Blood River, Battle of,
219

body counts,
106
,
250
;
see also
casualties

Boers,
219

Boer Wars,
232
,
247
,
368

Bohr, Niels,
381

Boii tribe,
79

Bolsheviks,
251
,
255

Bonaparte, Napoleon,
114
,
160
,
212
–
16
,
224
,
256
,
268
,
343

bonobos,
293
,
294
,
301
–
11
,
320
,
406
n

Boot, Max,
372

Borneo,
77
,
167

Bosnia,
40

bows and arrows,
98
,
102
,
108
,
114
,
122
,
168
,
182
; composite,
95
,
105
,
156
; of Native Americans,
156
–
57
,
159
–
60
; prehistoric,
94
–
95
,
159

Bracken, Paul,
376

brain-to-brain interfacing,
381
–
84
,
387
,
390

Brazil,
55
,
57
,
181
,
192
,
219
,
232

Breton Woods agreement,
276
–
77

Brezhnev, Leonid,
329

bribery,
41
,
57
,
119
,
177
,
184
,
190

Britain,
12
,
189
n
,
242
–
44
,
262
,
277
,
278
,
327
,
343
,
359
; American colonies of,
208
,
219
(see also
American Revolution); antiwar attitudes in,
344
; banking in,
190
–
91
; in Boer War,
232
,
350
–
53
; cavalry of,
183
; during Cold War,
273
,
284
,
286
; in entente cordiale with France,
242
; and European Union,
345
; Foreign Office,
25
; as globocop,
210
,
245
–
46
,
252
–
53
,
255
,
338
,
341
,
344
,
348
–
50
,
352
,
357
,
364
–
66
,
388
,
392
; Great Depression in,
259
–
60
; imperialism of,
see
British Empire; industrialization of,
216
–
18
,
221
,
224
,
238
–
39
,
239
,
256
,
338
; League of Nations mandates for,
257
–
58
; in Napoleonic wars,
214
,
215
,
224
,
242
; oil and,
346
; open access order in,
206
–
207
,
261
,
386
; Parliament,
190
,
216
,
223
,
229
–
30
,
255
,
272
,
282
; post–World War I recession in,
256
–
57
; post–World War II,
271
–
73
; Russian Civil War intervention of,
258
; in World War I,
23
,
224
,
236
,
237
,
245
–
56
,
254
,
264
–
65
,
358
; in World War II,
23
,
236
,
259
,
265
–
69
,
271
–
72
;
see also
England