Why the West Rules--For Now (143 page)

Ouyang Xiu,
376

Oxenham, John,
462
–63

Oxford University,
110
,
353
,
396
,
574

Pachomius,
325

Pakistan,
32
,
114
,
115
,
186
,
249
,
353
,
605

ancient archaeological sites in,
105
,
106

Palermo (Sicily),
365
,
371

Palestine,
323
,
349
,
352

Palmerston, Henry,
518

Palmyra (Syria),
311

Paludan, Anne,
283
n

Panlongcheng (China),
210

Paradise Lost
(Milton),
32

Paris,
438
,
469
–72,
483
,
489
,
528

Academy of Sciences,
479

Paris, Matthew,
391

Paris, University of,
105
–106,
112

Parliament, British,
8
,
496
,
506
,
511
,
518
,
534

Parmenides,
261

Parthenon (Athens),
241

Parthia,
292
,
294
,
296
,
308
,
310
,
335

Paul, St.,
324

Pazyryk (Siberia),
276

Pearl Harbor, Japanese bombing of,
52
,
533
n

Pearsall, Deborah,
121

Pekah, King,
246
–47

Peking Man,
50
–54,
56
,
57
,
60
,
64
,
70
,
72
,
120
n
,
211

Peking Opera,
303
–304

Peking University,
120

Peloponnesian War,
268

Pengtoushan (China),
120

Penido Velho (Spain),
287
,
288
,
309

Peony Pavilion, The
(Tang Xianzu),
436

Pepy II, King,
193

Perestrello, Rafael,
385

Perry, Commodore Matthew,
10
,
14
,
517

Persia,
246
,
248
–50,
267
–70,
292
,
342
,
343
,
377
,
444
,
457
,
478
,
524
,
528
,
566

Alexander’s conquest of,
187
,
268
–69

Arabs and,
349
,
352
,
356
–57,
360

Byzantium and,
345
–48,
616

language of,
138

nomad problem of,
278
,
294

oil fields in,
511

Ottoman Turks and,
445
,
449
,
574

Roman Empire and,
308
,
310
–14,
328

social development of,
253

Peru,
19
,
32
,
410
,
421
n
,
450
,
460
,
462
–63

prehistoric,
86
,
114
,
116
,
117
,
119

Peter, St.,
362

Philip II, King of Macedon,
268

Philip II, King of Spain,
447
–49

Philippines,
127
,
421
,
462
,
535

Philistines,
217
,
218

Phoenicia,
234
,
239
–42,
244
,
250
,
365

Phrygia,
277

Picasso, Pablo,
74

Pillow Book, The
,
360

Ping, King,
243

Pinker, Steven,
85

Pinnacle Point (South Africa),
63
,
64

pirates,
363
,
408
,
431
,
442
,
443
,
445
,
462
–63,
485

Pires, Tomé,
431
–33,
435

Pisa,
371

Pistorius, Oscar,
594

Pitman, Walter,
81
n

Pitt, William,
486
,
488

Pizarro, Francisco,
460

plagues,
217
,
296
–97,
301
,
309
,
399
–400,
412
;
see also
bubonic plague; epidemics

Plato,
148
,
256
,
260
,
325
,
589

Pliny the Elder,
273

Plotinus,
324

Poitiers (France),
352

Poland,
112
,
353
,
368
,
419
,
455
,
458
,
549

Politics
(Aristotle),
260

Polo, Marco,
384
–85,
387
,
392
,
427

Pol Pot,
16

Polybius,
263
–64,
270

Polynesia,
421
n

Pomeranz, Kenneth,
18
,
20
–21,
40
,
158
,
159
,
168
,
169

Pope, Alexander,
470

Popper, Karl,
157

population,
19
,
20
,
139
,
150
n
,
237
–39,
365
,
467
,
528
,
538
–40,
561
,
565
–66,
577
–79,
612