Woman of Valor (98 page)

4.
Joseph Kahn,
Birth Control: New York's Untold Story
, reprint from the
New York Post
, PPFA, 1958; Winfield Best, ed.,
The Anatomy of a Victory: A Panel Discussion on a Public Controversy
, PPFA, 1959. Both pamphlets were distributed to affiliates nationwide, and copies are in MS-SS. Survey findings are from “Results of a Poll of 166 Catholic Laymen on Oct. 6, 1960,” MS-SS. Also see Jaffe, “Knowledge, Perception,” pp. 290-91, and Piotrow,
World Population
, pp. 16-17. The quotes are from James Finn, “Controversy in New York,”
Commonweal
68, Sept. 12, 1958, p. 586; and “ ‘Lawless' Birth Control,”
Newsweek
, July 25, 1960 (citing
The Pilot
), clipping in Institute for Sex Research files, Bloomington, Ind.

5.
M.S., “Special Poll of Opinions,” Aug. 28, 1958; D. Rama Rau to M.S., Sept. 9, 1958 and M.S. to D.R.R., Sept. 17, 1958; M.S. to C.P. Blacker, Mar. 5, Sept. 12, Nov. 10, Dec. 3, 1958, Jan. 9, 1959; C.P B. to M.S., Mar. 29, 1958; Oct. 1, 1958; M.S. to C.P.B, July 16, 1959, has the news of Dr. Stone's death, all in IPPF-Cardiff. Olive Byrne Richard's interview with Jacqueline Van Voris, p. 24, discusses the succession problem, and Reed,
Birth Control Movement
, p. 293, discusses the Swedish initiative.

6.
Interview with Grace Sternberg, Tucson, Ariz., Mar., 1986. Another recollection of the events in New Delhi is in my interview with Frances Ferguson, June 9, 1986. Sixth International Conference on Planned Parenthood,
Report of the Proceedings 14-21 February 1959
(London: n.d.), has Sanger's inaugural speech on pp. 10-11, and the field reports of Gregory Pincus, John Rock, and Celso R. Garcia on pp. 212-30. M.S. to Mary Lasker, Mar. 20 and Apr. 1, 1959, uncollected Lasker correspondence, has a moving account and photographs of the events. Also see M.S. to M.L., Jan. 10, 1959, for a record of Lasker's contributions to enable Jonathan Schultz to attend the conference with Margaret. The original copy of “Our Margaret Sanger, by Many of Her Friends, Relatives and Comrades,” Apr. 3, 1959 is in MS-SS. Finally, see Beryl Suitters,
Be Brave and Angry: Chronicles of the International Planned Parenthood Federation
(London: 1973), pp. 163-66.

7.
Dudley S. Kirk, Sixth International Conference on Planned Parenthood,
Proceedings
, pp. 64-66. For the full flowering of these arguments, also see J. Mayone Stycos, “A Critique of the Traditional Planned Parenthood Approach in Underdeveloped Areas,” in
Research in Family Planning
, edited by Clyde V. Kiser (Princeton: 1962), pp. 477-501; and J. Mayone Stycos, et al.,
Clinics, Contraception and Communication: Evaluation Studies of Family Planning Programs in Four Latin American Countries
(New York: 1973). The McCormick material is from K.M. to M.S., June 15, 1960 and Feb. 20, 1961, MS-SS. Also see Suitters,
Be Brave and Angry
, p. 282. Current policy arguments from a feminist perspective are best presented by publications of the International Women's Health Coalition, a private, not-for-profit advocacy group. See, for example,
Reproductive Choice in jeopardy: International Policy Perspectives, Presentations at the Biennial Conference of the Association for Women in Development, Washington, D.C., April, 1987
(New York: 1987); and
Population Control and Women's Health: Balancing the Scales
(New York: 1989).

8.
Grace Sternberg interview, Mar., 1985; Jacqueline Van Voris interview with Margaret Marston and Nancy Ivins, p. 21; Sumiko Ohmori interview, June 1987; “Dr. Sanger Presented Key to Tokyo,” undated clipping,
Japan Times
, MS-SS. M.S. to Mary Lasker, May 2, June 12, July 14, 1959, uncollected Lasker papers, Sanger Papers Project.

9.
“Bishops on Birth Control,”
Time
, Sept. 25, 1958, reports on the recent endorsement of contraception as “a valuable, liberating force in the family” by the Lambeth Conference of Anglican and Episcopal bishops. The conference also endorsed voluntary sterilization as a justified process, though a “morally grave” decision. Also see “The Birth Control Issue,”
Time
, Dec. 2, 1959, both clippings in Institute for Sex Research Papers, Bloomington, Ind; Theodore C. Sorensen,
Kennedy
(New York: 1965), pp. 108-113; and Piotrow,
World Population
, pp. 36-47. Direct quotes are from the Reston interview in
The New York Times
, Nov. 28, 1959, p. 1; Eisenhower's press conference, Dec. 3, 1959, p. 1; and J. F. Kennedy again, Apr. 22, 1960, all quoted in Piotrow,
idem
, pp. 16-17. Eleanor Roosevelt's syndicated column of Dec. 1, 1959 is also quoted, p. 240.

10.
“Says Ike ‘Set Back' Birth Control,” extract from
Japan Times
, Dec. 10, IPPF-Cardiff; M.S., “Population Planning: Program of Birth Control Viewed as Contributing to World Peace,”
The New York Times
, Jan. 3, 1960, Sec. 4, p. 8:5-6; Norman Thomas to M.S., Jan. 5, 1960; M.S. to N.T., Jan. 11, 1959, and M.S. to Sen. John F. Kennedy, Jan. 11, 1960, all in MS-SS.

11.
This analysis is from Piotrow,
World Population
, pp. 50-51, which cites Theodore C. Sorenson in
Kennedy
(New York: 1965), p.'209. Also see “Mrs. Sanger Staying: Anti-Kennedy Birth Control Leader Delays Moving,”
The New
York Times
39:6 (Nov. 10, 1960). The story ran on the international AP wire. Clippings, including one from a Nov. 14 story in
The Daily Gleaner
in Kingston, Jamaica, are in IPPF-Cardiff.

12.
Materials on the CBS and NBC documentaries; reprint of the Newsweek special report, “A New Look at the Population Crisis,” n.d. (1961); Frederick Osborn, “This Crowded World,” Public Affairs Committee Inc., in cooperation with The Population Council, 1960; “Statement of Conviction About Overpopulation by Nobel Laureates and Others,” PPFA, Nov. 17, 1960, all in MS-SS. Piotrow,
World Population
, pp. 50-52. Piotrow quotes Eisenhower, as his private conversation early in 1960 with Ambassador James Riddleberger, then director of the International Cooperation Administration, was reported to her by Riddleberger in an interview of Apr. 29, 1970, p. 46.

13.
M.S. to Hugh Moore, Feb. 19, 1960; Lammot duP. Copeland to M.S., Mar. 20, 1960, and M.S. to Copeland, Apr. 5, 1960, all in MS-SS; M.S. to Mrs. J.D.R., III, Feb. 19, 1960; Mrs. J.D.R., Jr., to M.S., Feb. 26, 1960; Lammot duP. Copeland to J.D.R. III, Feb. 1, 1960; Dana S. Creel to Hugh Moore, Mar. 15, 1960; Frederick Osborn to J.D.R., III, Apr. 14, 1960; Robert C. Bates to J.D.R., Jr., Aug. 12, 1960, all in Rocky-RG 2. MS-SS also has a copy of the form letter, M.S. to “Dear Friend,” Nov. 1, 1960; M.S. to “Dear Mr. Smith,” May 13, 1960, enclosing the draft with Margaret's handwritten notations and excisions; responses to the letter, including H. V. Lang to M.S., Nov. 14, 1960, and Clara T. Warne to M.S., Dec. 26, 1961; and finally, a copy of the Dec. 6, 1960, ad in
The New York Times
. The Sanger FBI file has the memorandum from J. Edgar Hoover, with the notation of William Josephson, general counsel to the United States Peace Corps.

14.
The quotes are from M.S. to Harold Oram, n.d. (1961), and M.S. to Harold L. Oram, Feb. 21, 1961, MS-SS. Also see Hugh Moore to M.S., Dec. 2, and M.S. to Moore, Dec. 30, 1960; Program, “World Tribute to Margaret Sanger,” May 11-12, 1961, New York, N.Y, including lists of sponsors and patrons; and Lammot DuP. Copeland to C. P. Blacker, May 29, 1961, all in MS-SS. Montgomery S. Bradley to general files, Mar. 8, 1961, and April 6, 1960, discuss the event from the perspective of the Rockefeller staff and include a clipping of “Woman in the News, Birth-Control Pioneer Margaret Sanger,”
The New York Times
, May 12, 1961, all in Rocky-RG 2. Finally, see “The Population Bomb,”
America
105:27 (May 1961), pp. 364-65. My thanks to Alex Sanger for a copy of William Sanger's death certificate. The 1919 letter from M.S. to W.S. remains at MS-SS in its original envelope with markings in Margaret's handwriting dated 1942 and 1952. Margaret Sanger Marston, Olive Byrne Richard, Stuart Sanger and Grace Sternberg variously recalled Margaret's condition during these years, including the treatment of the drug and alcohol problem, in their respective interviews. All agreed, however, on the liberating effect of getting off Demerol. Richard's specific recollections are from her interview with Jacqueline Van Voris.

15.
Ellen Watumull to “Friends of Margaret Sanger,” Oct. 20, 1961; J.D.R. III to M.S., Nov. 13, 1961, and M.S. to J.D.R. III, Nov. 21 and Nov. 25, 1961; J.D.R. III to Dana S. Creel, Nov. 30, 1961 and Montgomery Bradley to Dana S. Creel, Dec. 18, 1961; Montgomery Bradley to RBF files, May 9, 1961, all in Rocky-RG 2. Minutes of PPFA-World Population Executive Committee Meeting, Mar. 8, 1962, MS-SS, do address the need of a loan by the Margaret Sanger Research Bureau. The loan was authorized with reluctance for one year only. Examples of other responses to Watumull's entreaty include John Rock, M.D. to M.S., Nov. 7, 1961, and R. C. Elstone, general secretary of IPPF to M.S., July 25 and Nov. 12, 1962, MS-SS.

16.
Symposium program in MS-SS; “The Population Explosion,”
The New York Times
, May 15, 1961, clipping enclosed in Cass Canfield to David Rockefeller, May 17, 1961, Rocky-RG 2; Piotrow,
World Population
, analyzes state department thinking and activity, pp. 55-62. Also see David S. Broder, “Government Quietly Buries NIH Birth Control Report,” Washington
Evening Star
, Sept. 1962, clipping in Institute for Sex Research files.

17.
Hugh Moore to M.S., Sept. 22, 1961, discusses the merger. Also see “Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc., Officers, 1960-1961,” Nov. 1960; Alan Guttmacher, M.D., “The Challenge for Family Living,” address to World Population Emergency Campaign dinner, San Francisco, May 15, 1962; and Alan Guttmacher, M.D., “PPFA-WPEC Program, 1963-1970,” all in MSSS. Montgomery S. Bradley to RBF files, “Planned Parenthood Federation of America,” May 9, 1961, reports on a conversation with Canfield re: the organization's fund-raising and image problems, Rocky-RG 2. Jaffe, “Knowledge, Perception,” explains how PPFA stepped in to fill the gap of a public health care system oriented only to acute episodic care.

18.
John Rock, M.D.,
The Time Has Come: A Catholic Doctor's Proposals to End the Battle over Birth Control
(New York: 1963), passim; John Rock, M.D., “It Is Time to End the Birth-Control Fight,”
The Saturday Evening Post
, April 20, 1963, clipping in Insitute for Sex Research files, Bloomington, Ind. Richard Cardinal Cushing to Alan Guttmacher, M.D., Feb. 13, 1965. My thanks to William Josephson, Esq., counsel to the Alan Guttmacher Institute, for a copy of this letter. Additional correspondence is in the Alan Guttmacher papers, Countway Library of Medicine, Harvard University. For a skeptical commentary on the papal commission, see Garry Wills,
Bare Ruined Choirs: Doubt, Prophecy, and Radical Religion
(New York: 1972), pp. 174-87. Margaret's obituary, among other articles, mentioned the unconfirmed reports about the commission's findings, see “Margaret Sanger Is Dead at 82; Led Campaign for Birth Control,”
The New York Times
, Sept. 7, 1966, clipping in MS-SS. The quoted excerpts from
Humanae Vitae, (Of Human Life)
, were published in
The New York Times
, July 30, 1968.

19.
Piotrow,
World Population
, pp. 70-79.

20.
Lloyd Shearer, “Margaret Sanger, Fifty Years of Crusading,”
Parade
, Dec. 1, 1963, clipping in MS-SS.

21.
Interview with Stuart Sanger, Mar. 1986, Green Valley, Ariz., and with Margaret Marston, Jan. 1986, Arlington, Va. Margaret Marston and Nancy Ivins interview with Jacqueline Van Voris, pp. 33-34. Olive Byrne Richard never used the surname of her children's father. She had two boys.

22.
Interview with Alex Sanger, April 1987, New York, N.Y.; interviews with Stuart Sanger, Grace Sternberg, and Greta Titche, a former Tucson Planned Parenthood board member, Tucson, Ariz., Mar. 1986. My thanks to Mrs. Titche as well for the many local newspaper clippings she gave me, including, “Birthday Party Set for Margaret Sanger,” the
Tucson Daily Citizen
, Sept. 1965. Extensive correspondence in the Florence Rose papers at Smith College chronicles the increasing acrimony between family and friends over placing Margaret in a nursing home, and gives a sense of her life there. See esp. M.S. and Grace Sternberg to Leighton Rollins, July 11 and July 21, 1963 and Florence Rose to M.S., May 31, 1964 and March 9, 1966, all in MS-SS; Dorothy McNamee to Dorothy Brush, May 23, 1963 and Christmas card, nd, probably 1964; and Dorothy Brush to Margaret Grierson, Jan. 3, 1964, all in DB-SS.

23.
My thanks again to Greta Titche for a copy of the dinner invitation and program and for assorted newspaper clippings: “Dinner to Cite Mrs. Sanger,” the
Tucson Daily Citizen
, Mar. 22, 1965; “Dinner Speakers Here Pay Tribute to Planned Parenthood Founder,” the
Arizona Daily Star
, Mar. 23, 1965; “Margaret Sanger Hailed As Woman of Century,” the
Tucson Daily Citizen
, Mar. 23, 1965. An article on the honorary doctorate also appeared in the
Tucson Daily Citizen
, May 8, 1965.