Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History (57 page)

Habelia
, 179, 219

Haeckel, Ernst, 263–67

Hall, James, 243

Hallucigenia
, 14, 25

Conway Morris on, 153–57 heads: of
Actaeus
, 180

of
Alalcomenaeus
, 180

of
A nomalocaris
, 202

appendages on, 184

of
Odaraia
, 173–74

of
Sanctacaris
, 186

helicoplacoids, 302

Henry, Joseph, 242

Higgins, A. K., 225

Hill, R. T., 248

historical explanation, 283–84

historical sciences, 278–79

natural history as, 280–81

history, contingency in, 284–85

holothurians, 156, 195–96

holotype, 287n

Homo erectus
, 29, 319, 320

homology, 213, 214, 231

Homo sapiens, see

humans Hoover, Herbert, 248, 262

horses, evolution of, 36

horseshoe crabs, 43n

Horsey, Anna, 64, 250

Hou Xian-guang, 226

Hrdlicka, Ales, 249

Hughes, Chris, 83, 121, 138–39

humans:

contingency in origin of, 291

linear theories of evolution of, 28–31

“march of progress” illustrations of evolution of, 31–35

origin of, 319–21

Pikaia
as ancestor of, 322–23

Hunsrückschiefer, 61, 63, 112, 302

Hurdia
, 109

Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, 18, 77–78, 129

on
Aysheaia
, 168–69, 172

Huxley, Thomas Henry, 16

Hyatt, Alpheus, 257

hybridization of plants, 38n
Hymenocaris (Canadaspis
), 109

Hyracotherium
, 36

Ichncumonidae, 290

invertebrates, 38n

Isua rocks, 57, 58

Jablonski, D., 306

jaws, 171

of
Anomalocaris
, 236–37

of polychaetes, 295

of
Wiwaxia
, 192, 193

jellyfish, 26

Johnson, Larry, 32

Jordan, David Starr, 252

Jurassic period, 63–64

Kauffman, Stu, 232–33

Kelvin, William Thomson, Baron, 45
n
, 279

Khayyám, Omar, 43–44

King, Clarence, 246–47

King, Stephen, 285–86

kingdoms (in taxonomy), 98–99

Kitchell, J. A., 307, 308

Knight, Charles R., 23, 298

illustration of Burgess Shale life by, 25–26, 194

Kummel, Bernie, 141–42

laboratory research, myth of, 80

lace crabs,
see Marrella splendens
Laertes, 27

Lagerstätten
, 61–63, 112, 149, 322

Laggania cambria
, 196–99, 201

Leakey, Meave, 101

Leakey, Richard, 101

Leanchoilia
, 109, 181–84, 220–21, 238, 292

Lendzion, K., 227

Limulus polyphemus
(horseshoe crab), 43
n
Linnaeus, Carolus, 98, 142

Lipalian interval, 269, 273–76

Littorina littorea
, 68

lophophores, 147–48

Lovejoy, A. O., 28

Lower Cambrian period, 225–26

Mackenzia
, 195

McLaren, Digby, 77

malacostracans, 109

Canadaspis
as, 162

mammals, 296

bird as rivals to, 297

in Cretaceous mass extinction, 307

evolution of, 318

Manton, Sidnie, 162
n

“march of progress” illustrations, 31–35

Marr, 72

Marrella splendens
, 25, 69, 72, 74–75, 137, 238, 292

ecology of, 219, 222, 223

outside of Burgess Shale, 224

Walcott’s classification of, 107–13

Whittington’s first monograph on, 81, 82, 113–21

marsupials, 298

Marx, Karl, 79

mass extinctions, 48, 54–55, 234, 305–8

Cretaceous, 278

extraterrestrial-impact theory of, 280

natural selection and, 300
n
Permian, 229

Matthew, W. D., 296–97

Mazon Creek fossils, 61, 63, 65, 136

Mendel, Gregor, 241

merostomes, 109

Merostomoidea, 112, 181–82

“merostomoids,” 137–38, 176–78, 215
n
discrediting of, 181–83

in Walcott’s classification, 268

Mesozoic era, 54

Meszoly, Laszlo, 17

metamerism, 103

Millikan, R. A., 262

Milton, John, 127

Mimetaster
, 63, 302
n
Molaria
, 178–79, 219

mollusks,
Wiwaxia
and, 193

molting, 238

monographs, 97, 100

monophyly, 38

Mount Stephen (British Columbia), 68, 71–72

mouths:

of
Anomalocaris
, 203

of
Anomalocaris, Peytoia
as, 200–201

of
Aysheaia
, 169

of
Branchiocaris
, 160

names for parts of, 159n of
Opabinia
, 132–133

multicellular animals:

evolution of, 311–14

first appearance of, 55

Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey, 56, 57

Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard), 213

Naraoia
, 72, 110, 164–67, 208, 226

Nathorstia
(
Olenoides serratus
), 109

National Academy of Sciences, 242

National Museum of Natural History, 75

National Research Council, 242

natural history, 280–81

natural selection, 228, 257, 258, 290

mass extinctions and, 300
n
Neanderthal people, 29–31, 319–20

Nectocaris
, 145–47

nektobenthonic organisms, 219–20

Neopilina
, 206

Newell, Norman, 140

nuclear winter, 308

Odaraia
, 173–76, 238

ecology of, 221

origin of name for, 69

tail of, 213

Odbody, Clarence, 14

Odontogriphus
, 143, 217

Conway Morris on, 147–49

ecology of, 222

rarity of, 152

Ogygopsis
, 68, 194

Olenellus
, 272

Olenoides serratus
, 109

Onychophora 103, 168, 188
n
Aysheaia
and, 171–72

Opabinia regalis
, 14, 24, 25, 52, 239

origin of name for, 69

reclassification of, 109

reinterpretation of, 124–36, 144
n
, 145

Orwell George, 130

Osborn Henry Fairfield, 29, 262

Ottoia prolifica
, 96, 222, 225, 294

oxygen, in decay of fossils, 62

Palaeontological Association (Great Britain), 124, 126

paleontology 84

discoveries in, 280

doctoral research in, 139–40

as “stamp collecting,” 281

Paleozoic era, 54–55

pandas, 300–301

Paramecium
, 58

Parker, Sybil P., 293

Pasteur, Louis, 142

Peel, J. S., 225

Peripatus
, 168

Permian mass extinction, 55, 229, 306

Perspicaris
, 161, 221

Peters, Mike, 32

Peytoia nathorsti
, 196–203

Pharkidonotus percarinatus
, 68

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society, London, 79–80, 97, 280

phororhacids 298–99

phyla, 99–100

arthropods, 102–6

“
phyllopod bed
,” 69

Pikaia gracilens
, 321–23

Piltdown man, 29

Pithecanthropus (Homo erectus
), 29

Pius IX (pope), 130
n

plants:

diatoms, 307–8

hybridization of, 38
n
Plenocaris
, 122
n
, 221

Pollingeria
, 212

Polonius, 27

polychaetes (Polychaeta), 25, 142, 154

alternative evolution of, 293

in Burgess Shale, 163–64, 171

survival of, 295

polyphyly 38
n

Pope, Alexander, 28, 44

Portalia
, 212

Precambrian fauna, 231

Precambrian period, 55

Ediacara fauna in, 311–14

fossils of, 57–59

in Walcott–s chronology, 269–75

predators 223–24

predictability, contingency and, 289–90

priapulids (Priapulida), 25, 142, 163, 293–94

near extinction of, 294–96

primates 265

progress:

Darwin on, 257–58, 305

“march of progress” illustrations of, 31–35

in science, myths of, 80

Walcott on, 259–61

prokaryotic cells, 58, 60, 309, 310

Protocaris pretiosa
, 159

Pseudonotostraca 112, 121

punctuated-equilibrium theory, 81
n
Pupin, Michael, 256, 262

rami, 104

randomness, in extinctions, 47
n
, 306

Rattus rattus rattus
, 68

Raup, David M., 306

Raymond Percy, 76–78, 94

Branchiocaris
fossil found by, 159

Marrella
fossils collected by, 108

on
Opabinia
, 133

Walcott disliked by, 111
n
religion, 261–62

Rendell, Ruth (Barbara Vine), 285

Resser, Charles E., 76, 159, 245

Ripley, S. Dillon, 242

Robison, Richard, 171, 198, 225

Rockefeller, John D., 253, 254

rodents, 265

Romer, A. S., 111
n
, 297

Roosevelt Quentin, 249

Roosevelt Theodore, 242
n
, 249

Rowe, L. S., 252

Royal Society of London, 79–80, 97, 280

Rozanov A. Yu., 315

Rutter, 74

Sage, Mrs. Russell, 254

Sanctacaris
, 77, 186–88, 208, 224–25, 238, 292

monograph on, 82

Sarotrocercus
, 179–80, 221

Schevill Bill, 18, 77

Schidlowski M., 57–58

Schopf, T. J. M., 61

Schuchert Charles, 71, 108, 251

science.

biases and objectivity in, 244

Freud on, 44

genius in, 100

“hard” and “soft,” 278–79

myths of progress in, 80

natural history as, 280–81

“popular” writing on, 16

religion and, 261–62

spying and, Boas–Walcott letters on, 255–56

testability in, 282

scientific method, 277–78, 283

sclerites of
Wiwaxia
, 189–91, 225

Scopes trial, 261

Seilacher Dolf, 312–14

Sepkoski Jack, 61

sexual reproduction, 309–10

shared derived traits, 177, 214

shared primitive (symplesiomorphic) traits, 176–77, 214–15

Sidneyia inexpectans
, 25, 85–96, 176–78, 184, 238, 292

Anomalocaris
and, 195

ecology of, 219

Signor Phil, 226

silica fossils preserved in, 101

Simonetta, A. M., 129

Simpson, G. G., 299

single-celled life, 58

diatoms, 307–8

Smithsonian Institution, 75

Boas fired from, 256

Walcott as head of, 241–42

Snodgrass 123

soft-bodied animals, fossils of, 60–64

at Burgess Shale, 69–70, 72–74, 208

flattening of, 84

near site of Burgess Shale, 77

outside of Burgess Shale, 225

Solnhofen limestone, 63–64

Soper, N. J., 225

South American fauna, 297–99

Spearman Charles, 279

species:

diversity of and disparity in, 49

genes transferred between, 38
n
holotypes of, 287
n

increasing number of, 47

in phyla, 99–100

spines:

on
Alalcomenaeus
, 180, 221–22

of
Hallucigenia
, 155, 156

on
Wiwaxia
, 189–93

sponges 38
n
, 75–76

Aysheaia
and, 169–71

Burgess Shale fossils of, 74

sterotypy, 49

Stevenson, Robert Louis, 98

Størmer, Leif, 111–13, 116–18, 120–22, 124

Merostomoidea class of, 181

Trilobitoidea class of, 168

stromatolites 58, 309

Suddes Steven, 17

Sweden, Upper Cambrian fossils from, 63

symplesiomorphic (shared primitive) traits, 176–77

Szep 32

Taft, William Howard, 245
n
tagma, 104

tagmosis, 104, 146, 209
n
tails:

of
Odaraia
, 175, 213

on
Sidneyia
, 177–78

tautology argument, 236

taxonomy 98–100

of arthropods, 102–3, 106

as expression of evolutionary arrangement, 97

of worms, 142

teeth 60

of
Anomalocaris
, 203

conodonts and, 148–49

of
Wiwaxia
, 192

Tegopelte gigas
, 167, 176, 226

tentacles:

in
Amiskwia
, 151

in
Hallucigenia
, 155–57

in
Odontogriphus
, 147–48

Thylacosmilus
, 298

time, geological, 44–45, 53–55

Tolstoy, Leo, 285

Tommotian fauna, 59–61, 226, 314, 315

Tontoia
, 109

Triassic period, 318

trilobites (Trilobita), 25, 103, 106

in Burgess Shale, 208

ecology of, 219

first appearance of, 226

Marrella as
, 108–9, 116–20

Naraoia
and, 165–67

Olenellus
, 272

origin of, 316

Walcott’s correspondence on, 251

Trilobitoidea 112–14, 117

eliminated as class, 167–68

Marrella as
, 120–21

Yohoia as
, 122, 124

Trilobitomorpha 112, 117

“tripod” fish, 156

Tullimonstrum
(Tully Monster), 63, 136

Tuzoia
, 109, 194

Twain Mark, 45

uniramians (Uniramia), 25, 103, 106

uniramous limbs, 105

Valentine, James W., 231

ventral side, 105

Vermes (“worms”), 142

vertebrates:

as coelomates, 38
n

Pikaia
as ancestor of, 322

terrestrial, origin of, 317–18

Vine Barbara (Ruth Rendell), 285

Vonnegut Kurt, 286